On Senders’s Models of Visual Sampling Behavior

• Published in: Human factors 2023-08, Vol.65 (5), p.723-736
• Main Authors: Eisma, Y. B., Hancock, P. A., de Winter, J. C. F.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Attention; Careers; Computer Simulation; Ergonomics; Eye movements; Human factors; Humans; Sampling; Special Sections Issue; Tracking devices; Tracking equipment; Visual perception; Visual signals
• ISSN: 0018-7208; 1547-8181
• DOI: 10.1177/0018720820959956

Objective We review the sampling models described in John Senders’s doctoral thesis on “visual sampling processes” via a ready and accessible exposition. Background John Senders left a significant imprint on human factors/ergonomics (HF/E). Here, we focus on one preeminent aspect of his career, namely visual attention. Methods We present, clarify, and expand the models in his thesis through computer simulation and associated visual illustrations. Results One of the key findings of Senders’s work on visual sampling concerns the linear relationship between signal bandwidth and visual sampling rate. The models that are used to describe this relationship are the periodic sampling model (PSM), the random constrained sampling model (RCM), and the conditional sampling model (CSM). A recent replication study that used results from modern eye-tracking equipment showed that Senders’s original findings are manifestly replicable. Conclusions Senders’s insights and findings withstand the test of time and his models continue to be both relevant and useful to the present and promise continued impact in the future. Application The present paper is directed to stimulate a broad spectrum of researchers and practitioners in HF/E and beyond to use these important and insightful models.