Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the Next Generation Androgen Receptor Inhibitor—Darolutamide

• Published in: Clinical pharmacokinetics 2023-08, Vol.62 (8), p.1049-1061
• Main Authors: Podgoršek, Eva, Mehra, Niven, van Oort, Inge M., Somford, Diederik M., Boerrigter, Emmy, van Erp, Nielka P.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Androgens; Bioavailability; Breast cancer; Cancer therapies; Cardiovascular disease; Clinical trials; Cytochrome; Drug dosages; Drug interactions; Enzymes; Glycoproteins; Hypertension; Internal Medicine; Medical prognosis; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Metastasis; Nervous system; Patients; Pharmacodynamics; Pharmacokinetics; Pharmacology/Toxicology; Pharmacotherapy; Prostate cancer; Review; Review Article
• ISSN: 0312-5963; 1179-1926
• DOI: 10.1007/s40262-023-01268-w

Darolutamide is a next-generation androgen receptor signaling inhibitor (ARSI) currently approved for the treatment of nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) and metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC). Studies suggest that darolutamide also has the potential to be used to treat other stages of prostate cancer (PC), suggesting that its indications will broaden in the near future. Since ARSIs show similar efficacy for the treatment of PC, pharmacokinetic properties of these drugs and patient characteristics could help physicians decide which drug to select. This review provides an overview of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of darolutamide. One of the most important pharmacological advantages of darolutamide is its low brain distribution and therefore limited seizure potential and central nervous system adverse effects. In addition, darolutamide has little drug–drug interaction potential and is unlikely to alter the exposure of other cytochrome P450 or P-glycoprotein substrates. Nevertheless, it may significantly increase the exposure of breast cancer resistant protein (BCRP) substrates. The limited solubility and bioavailability of darolutamide increases when taken together with food, regardless of the fat content. Darolutamide is excessively metabolized by oxidation and glucuronidation and excreted in the urine and feces. For this reason, dose reduction is required in patients with moderate and severe renal or severe hepatic impairment. Although no exposure–response relationship was observed with darolutamide, less advanced stages of PC showed better PSA response on treatment. Overall, darolutamide has some advantageous pharmacological properties that may lead to its preferred use, when broader registered, in selected patients across different disease stages.