Cumulative lifetime acute stressor exposure interacts with reward responsiveness to predict longitudinal increases in depression severity in adolescence

• Published in: Psychological medicine 2023-07, Vol.53 (10), p.4507-4516
• Main Authors: Burani, Kreshnik, Brush, C. J., Shields, Grant S., Klein, Daniel N., Nelson, Brady, Slavich, George M., Hajcak, Greg
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescence; Adolescent girls; Adversity; Brain research; Child development; Depressive personality disorders; Electroencephalography; Event-related potentials; Girls; Life span; Life stress; Longitudinal studies; Mental depression; Neurobiology; Original; Original Article; Positive emotions; Reinforcement; Responsiveness; Teenagers; Youth
• ISSN: 0033-2917; 1469-8978
• DOI: 10.1017/S0033291722001386

BackgroundLife stress and blunted reward processing each have been associated with the onset and maintenance of major depressive disorder. However, much of this work has been cross-sectional, conducted in separate lines of inquiry, and focused on recent life stressor exposure, despite the fact that theories of depression posit that stressors can have cumulative effects over the lifespan. To address these limitations, we investigated whether acute and chronic stressors occurring over the lifespan interacted with blunted reward processing to predict increases in depression over time in healthy youth.MethodParticipants were 245 adolescent girls aged 8–14 years old (Mage = 12.4, s.d. = 1.8) who were evaluated at baseline and two years later. The reward positivity (RewP), an event-related potential measure of reward responsiveness, was assessed at baseline using the doors task. Cumulative lifetime exposure to acute and chronic stressors was assessed two years later using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adolescents (Adolescent STRAIN). Finally, depressive symptoms were assessed at both baseline and follow-up using the Children's Depression Inventory.ResultsAs hypothesized, greater lifetime acute stressor exposure predicted increases in depressive symptoms over two years, but only for youth exhibiting a blunted RewP. This interaction, however, was not found for chronic stressors.ConclusionsLifetime acute stressor exposure may be particularly depressogenic for youth exhibiting a blunted RewP. Conversely, a robust RewP may be protective in the presence of greater acute lifetime stressor exposure.