Endocrine Side Effects in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Narrative Review

Checkpoint inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies that elicit an anti-tumor response by stimulating immune system. Their use has improved the treatment of different types of cancer such as melanoma, breast carcinoma, lung, stomach, colon, liver, renal cell carcinoma, and Hodgkin's lymphoma, but s...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of clinical medicine 2023-08, Vol.12 (15), p.5161
Main Authors: Profili, Nicia I, Castelli, Roberto, Gidaro, Antonio, Merella, Alessandro, Manetti, Roberto, Palmieri, Giuseppe, Maioli, Margherita, Delitala, Alessandro P
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adverse and side effects
Antibodies
Antigens
Apoptosis
Breast cancer
Cancer
Cancer therapies
Care and treatment
Clinical medicine
Complications and side effects
Cytotoxicity
Diagnosis
Drugs
Endocrine gland diseases
Graves disease
Hormones
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Immune system
Immunotherapy
Kidney cancer
Ligands
Lymphatic system
Lymphocytes
Monoclonal antibodies
Pathogenesis
Review
Risk factors
Thyroid gland
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Summary:Checkpoint inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies that elicit an anti-tumor response by stimulating immune system. Their use has improved the treatment of different types of cancer such as melanoma, breast carcinoma, lung, stomach, colon, liver, renal cell carcinoma, and Hodgkin's lymphoma, but several adverse events have been reported. Although the etiology of these effects is not completely understood, an uncontrolled activation of the immune system has been postulated. Indeed, some studies showed a cross reactivity of T cells, which acted against tumor antigens as well as antigens in the tissues of patients who developed immune-related adverse events. Despite the known possibility of developing immune-related adverse events, early diagnosis, monitoring during therapy, and treatment are fundamental for the best supportive care and administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors. The aim of this review is to guide the clinician in early diagnosis, management, and treatment of the endocrinological adverse effects in the major endocrine glands (thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, endocrine pancreas, and parathyroid).
ISSN:2077-0383
2077-0383
DOI:10.3390/jcm12155161