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The impact of protein source and grain inclusion on digestibility, fecal metabolites, and fecal microbiome in adult canines
Abstract This study was conducted to determine the effect of animal protein inclusion rate and grain-free or grain-inclusive diets on macronutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota in mixed-breed hounds and Beagles. Four experimental extruded kibble diets were made w...
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| Published in: | Journal of animal science 2023-01, Vol.101 |
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| creator | Clark, Stephanie D Hsu, Clare McCauley, Sydney R de Godoy, Maria R C He, Fei Streeter, Renee M Taylor, Emily G Quest, Bradley W |
| description | Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of animal protein inclusion rate and grain-free or grain-inclusive diets on macronutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota in mixed-breed hounds and Beagles. Four experimental extruded kibble diets were made with varying amounts of animal protein and carbohydrates: 1) high animal protein, grain-inclusive (HA-GI), 2) low animal protein, grain-free (LA-GF), 3) low animal protein, grain-inclusive (LA-GI), and 4) high animal protein, grain-free (HA-GF). Thirty-two Beagles and 33 mixed-breed hounds were assigned to 1 of the 4 treatment groups in a completely randomized design that lasted 180 d. All diets were similar in chemical composition and well-digested by the animals. In general, for fecal metabolites, mixed-breed hounds had a greater concentration of total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and ammonia and lower indole concentration than Beagles (P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1093/jas/skad268 |
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This study was conducted to determine the effect of animal protein inclusion rate and grain-free or grain-inclusive diets on macronutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota in mixed-breed hounds and Beagles. Four experimental extruded kibble diets were made with varying amounts of animal protein and carbohydrates: 1) high animal protein, grain-inclusive (HA-GI), 2) low animal protein, grain-free (LA-GF), 3) low animal protein, grain-inclusive (LA-GI), and 4) high animal protein, grain-free (HA-GF). Thirty-two Beagles and 33 mixed-breed hounds were assigned to 1 of the 4 treatment groups in a completely randomized design that lasted 180 d. All diets were similar in chemical composition and well-digested by the animals. In general, for fecal metabolites, mixed-breed hounds had a greater concentration of total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and ammonia and lower indole concentration than Beagles (P < 0.05). In mixed-breed hounds, LA-GF had a greater (P < 0.05) total SCFA concentration than HA-GI and LA-GI; however, this was not observed in Beagles. There were greater concentrations of ammonia, phenol, and indole in HA-GI than in LA-GF (P < 0.05). Breed-affected fecal primary bile acid (BA) concentration, as mixed-breed hounds had a greater concentration of cholic acid (CA) than Beagles (P < 0.05). Mixed-breed hounds fed LA-GF resulted in greater CA concentrations than HA-GI and LA-GI (P < 0.05). Dogs who consumed LA-GF had lower fecal secondary BA content than the other groups (P < 0.05). The distribution of the fecal microbiota community differed in LA-GF compared with the other groups, with lower α-diversity. However, dogs fed LA-GF had the largest difference in composition with greater Selenomonadaceae, Veillonellaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcus, Ligilactobacillus, Megamonas, Collinsella aerofaciens, and Bifidobacterium sp. than the other groups. A significant breed effect was noted on nutrient digestibility, fecal metabolites, and microbiota. A treatment effect was observed in LA-GF as it resulted in greater fecal SCFA, lower protein fermentative end products, greater fecal primary BAs, lower fecal secondary BA concentrations, and shifts in fecal microbiota.
A grain-free diet with low animal protein can cause changes in fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota in dogs compared with traditional grain-inclusive and/or high animal protein diets.
Lay Summary
A recent topic of debate in pet food is whether grain or pulse ingredients and varying amounts of animal-based protein compared to plant proteins are better for pets’ health. Thus, the need to examine ingredients used in pet food is important. This study aimed to evaluate macronutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, fecal metabolites, and fecal microbiota in both mixed-breed hounds and Beagles when fed extruded diets containing different inclusion rates of animal protein and plant-based ingredients. Four experimental diets were studied 1) high animal protein, grain-inclusive (HA-GI), 2) low animal protein, grain-free (LA-GF), 3) low animal protein, grain-inclusive (LA-GI), and 4) high animal protein, grain-free (HA-GF). We found that all four diets were well-digested by the animals and all dogs remained healthy throughout the study. In addition, LA-GF produced a decrease in alpha diversity, yet was greater in the abundance of Megamonas, which are known to produce short-chain fatty acids. The other diets did not differ significantly. Apparent total tract nutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota were affected by breed and dietary treatments. While some have postulated that pulse-rich diets could perhaps be a cause of nutrition-associated dilated cardiomyopathy in canines due to a potentially negative effect on digestibility, our results showed all diets were highly digestible.]]></description><identifier>ISSN: 0021-8812</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1525-3163</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1525-3163</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad268</identifier><identifier>PMID: 37555615</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>US: Oxford University Press</publisher><subject>Ammonia ; Ammonia - analysis ; Animal Feed - analysis ; Animal protein ; Animals ; Carbohydrates ; Chemical composition ; Cholic acid ; Companion Animal Nutrition ; Diet ; Diet - veterinary ; Diet, Protein-Restricted - veterinary ; Digestibility ; Digestion ; Dogs ; Fatty Acids, Volatile - analysis ; Fecal microflora ; Feces ; Feces - chemistry ; Food sources ; Grain ; Metabolites ; Microbiomes ; Microbiota ; Microorganisms ; Phenols ; Plant Breeding ; Proteins</subject><ispartof>Journal of animal science, 2023-01, Vol.101</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. 2023</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c441t-cec7bb896ce0e9faaf0d90dff4293b7e303d6213c9bb1132fc3db5973efa6283</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c441t-cec7bb896ce0e9faaf0d90dff4293b7e303d6213c9bb1132fc3db5973efa6283</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-3423-1256</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10464515/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10464515/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37555615$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Clark, Stephanie D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hsu, Clare</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McCauley, Sydney R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Godoy, Maria R C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>He, Fei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Streeter, Renee M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Taylor, Emily G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Quest, Bradley W</creatorcontrib><title>The impact of protein source and grain inclusion on digestibility, fecal metabolites, and fecal microbiome in adult canines</title><title>Journal of animal science</title><addtitle>J Anim Sci</addtitle><description><![CDATA[Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of animal protein inclusion rate and grain-free or grain-inclusive diets on macronutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota in mixed-breed hounds and Beagles. Four experimental extruded kibble diets were made with varying amounts of animal protein and carbohydrates: 1) high animal protein, grain-inclusive (HA-GI), 2) low animal protein, grain-free (LA-GF), 3) low animal protein, grain-inclusive (LA-GI), and 4) high animal protein, grain-free (HA-GF). Thirty-two Beagles and 33 mixed-breed hounds were assigned to 1 of the 4 treatment groups in a completely randomized design that lasted 180 d. All diets were similar in chemical composition and well-digested by the animals. In general, for fecal metabolites, mixed-breed hounds had a greater concentration of total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and ammonia and lower indole concentration than Beagles (P < 0.05). In mixed-breed hounds, LA-GF had a greater (P < 0.05) total SCFA concentration than HA-GI and LA-GI; however, this was not observed in Beagles. There were greater concentrations of ammonia, phenol, and indole in HA-GI than in LA-GF (P < 0.05). Breed-affected fecal primary bile acid (BA) concentration, as mixed-breed hounds had a greater concentration of cholic acid (CA) than Beagles (P < 0.05). Mixed-breed hounds fed LA-GF resulted in greater CA concentrations than HA-GI and LA-GI (P < 0.05). Dogs who consumed LA-GF had lower fecal secondary BA content than the other groups (P < 0.05). The distribution of the fecal microbiota community differed in LA-GF compared with the other groups, with lower α-diversity. However, dogs fed LA-GF had the largest difference in composition with greater Selenomonadaceae, Veillonellaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcus, Ligilactobacillus, Megamonas, Collinsella aerofaciens, and Bifidobacterium sp. than the other groups. A significant breed effect was noted on nutrient digestibility, fecal metabolites, and microbiota. A treatment effect was observed in LA-GF as it resulted in greater fecal SCFA, lower protein fermentative end products, greater fecal primary BAs, lower fecal secondary BA concentrations, and shifts in fecal microbiota.
A grain-free diet with low animal protein can cause changes in fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota in dogs compared with traditional grain-inclusive and/or high animal protein diets.
Lay Summary
A recent topic of debate in pet food is whether grain or pulse ingredients and varying amounts of animal-based protein compared to plant proteins are better for pets’ health. Thus, the need to examine ingredients used in pet food is important. This study aimed to evaluate macronutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, fecal metabolites, and fecal microbiota in both mixed-breed hounds and Beagles when fed extruded diets containing different inclusion rates of animal protein and plant-based ingredients. Four experimental diets were studied 1) high animal protein, grain-inclusive (HA-GI), 2) low animal protein, grain-free (LA-GF), 3) low animal protein, grain-inclusive (LA-GI), and 4) high animal protein, grain-free (HA-GF). We found that all four diets were well-digested by the animals and all dogs remained healthy throughout the study. In addition, LA-GF produced a decrease in alpha diversity, yet was greater in the abundance of Megamonas, which are known to produce short-chain fatty acids. The other diets did not differ significantly. Apparent total tract nutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota were affected by breed and dietary treatments. While some have postulated that pulse-rich diets could perhaps be a cause of nutrition-associated dilated cardiomyopathy in canines due to a potentially negative effect on digestibility, our results showed all diets were highly digestible.]]></description><subject>Ammonia</subject><subject>Ammonia - analysis</subject><subject>Animal Feed - analysis</subject><subject>Animal protein</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Carbohydrates</subject><subject>Chemical composition</subject><subject>Cholic acid</subject><subject>Companion Animal Nutrition</subject><subject>Diet</subject><subject>Diet - veterinary</subject><subject>Diet, Protein-Restricted - veterinary</subject><subject>Digestibility</subject><subject>Digestion</subject><subject>Dogs</subject><subject>Fatty Acids, Volatile - analysis</subject><subject>Fecal microflora</subject><subject>Feces</subject><subject>Feces - chemistry</subject><subject>Food sources</subject><subject>Grain</subject><subject>Metabolites</subject><subject>Microbiomes</subject><subject>Microbiota</subject><subject>Microorganisms</subject><subject>Phenols</subject><subject>Plant Breeding</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><issn>0021-8812</issn><issn>1525-3163</issn><issn>1525-3163</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>TOX</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kd1rFDEUxYModrv65LsEBBHs2HxMZidPIqXWQsGXfQ_5uNlmnUnGZEYo_vNGdy3Wh0IgcPPLuffcg9ArSj5QIvn5Xpfz8k071vVP0IoKJhpOO_4UrQhhtOl7yk7QaSl7QigTUjxHJ3wjhOioWKGf21vAYZy0nXHyeMpphhBxSUu2gHV0eJd1LYRoh6WEFHE9LuygzMGEIcx3Z9iD1QMeYdYm1QqUsz8fj-VgczIhjbVNxNotw4ytjiFCeYGeeT0UeHm812j7-XJ78aW5-Xp1ffHpprFtS-fGgt0Y08vOAgHptfbESeK8b5nkZgOccNcxyq00hlLOvOXOCLnh4HXHer5GHw-y02JGcBbinPWgphxGne9U0kE9fInhVu3SD0VJ27WCiqrw7qiQ0_elWldjKBaGQUdIS1Gsb3vGpOCyom_-Q_d1lbHaU5y0lAhB66hr9P5A1d2UksHfT0OJ-h2qqqGqY6iVfv2vgXv2b4oVeHsA0jI9qvQLtfWuhA</recordid><startdate>20230103</startdate><enddate>20230103</enddate><creator>Clark, Stephanie D</creator><creator>Hsu, Clare</creator><creator>McCauley, Sydney R</creator><creator>de Godoy, Maria R C</creator><creator>He, Fei</creator><creator>Streeter, Renee M</creator><creator>Taylor, Emily G</creator><creator>Quest, Bradley W</creator><general>Oxford University Press</general><scope>TOX</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>U9A</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3423-1256</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20230103</creationdate><title>The impact of protein source and grain inclusion on digestibility, fecal metabolites, and fecal microbiome in adult canines</title><author>Clark, Stephanie D ; Hsu, Clare ; McCauley, Sydney R ; de Godoy, Maria R C ; He, Fei ; Streeter, Renee M ; Taylor, Emily G ; Quest, Bradley W</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c441t-cec7bb896ce0e9faaf0d90dff4293b7e303d6213c9bb1132fc3db5973efa6283</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Ammonia</topic><topic>Ammonia - analysis</topic><topic>Animal Feed - analysis</topic><topic>Animal protein</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Carbohydrates</topic><topic>Chemical composition</topic><topic>Cholic acid</topic><topic>Companion Animal Nutrition</topic><topic>Diet</topic><topic>Diet - veterinary</topic><topic>Diet, Protein-Restricted - veterinary</topic><topic>Digestibility</topic><topic>Digestion</topic><topic>Dogs</topic><topic>Fatty Acids, Volatile - analysis</topic><topic>Fecal microflora</topic><topic>Feces</topic><topic>Feces - chemistry</topic><topic>Food sources</topic><topic>Grain</topic><topic>Metabolites</topic><topic>Microbiomes</topic><topic>Microbiota</topic><topic>Microorganisms</topic><topic>Phenols</topic><topic>Plant Breeding</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Clark, Stephanie D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hsu, Clare</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McCauley, Sydney R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Godoy, Maria R C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>He, Fei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Streeter, Renee M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Taylor, Emily G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Quest, Bradley W</creatorcontrib><collection>Oxford Journals Open Access Collection</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Journal of animal science</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Clark, Stephanie D</au><au>Hsu, Clare</au><au>McCauley, Sydney R</au><au>de Godoy, Maria R C</au><au>He, Fei</au><au>Streeter, Renee M</au><au>Taylor, Emily G</au><au>Quest, Bradley W</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The impact of protein source and grain inclusion on digestibility, fecal metabolites, and fecal microbiome in adult canines</atitle><jtitle>Journal of animal science</jtitle><addtitle>J Anim Sci</addtitle><date>2023-01-03</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>101</volume><issn>0021-8812</issn><issn>1525-3163</issn><eissn>1525-3163</eissn><abstract><![CDATA[Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of animal protein inclusion rate and grain-free or grain-inclusive diets on macronutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota in mixed-breed hounds and Beagles. Four experimental extruded kibble diets were made with varying amounts of animal protein and carbohydrates: 1) high animal protein, grain-inclusive (HA-GI), 2) low animal protein, grain-free (LA-GF), 3) low animal protein, grain-inclusive (LA-GI), and 4) high animal protein, grain-free (HA-GF). Thirty-two Beagles and 33 mixed-breed hounds were assigned to 1 of the 4 treatment groups in a completely randomized design that lasted 180 d. All diets were similar in chemical composition and well-digested by the animals. In general, for fecal metabolites, mixed-breed hounds had a greater concentration of total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and ammonia and lower indole concentration than Beagles (P < 0.05). In mixed-breed hounds, LA-GF had a greater (P < 0.05) total SCFA concentration than HA-GI and LA-GI; however, this was not observed in Beagles. There were greater concentrations of ammonia, phenol, and indole in HA-GI than in LA-GF (P < 0.05). Breed-affected fecal primary bile acid (BA) concentration, as mixed-breed hounds had a greater concentration of cholic acid (CA) than Beagles (P < 0.05). Mixed-breed hounds fed LA-GF resulted in greater CA concentrations than HA-GI and LA-GI (P < 0.05). Dogs who consumed LA-GF had lower fecal secondary BA content than the other groups (P < 0.05). The distribution of the fecal microbiota community differed in LA-GF compared with the other groups, with lower α-diversity. However, dogs fed LA-GF had the largest difference in composition with greater Selenomonadaceae, Veillonellaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcus, Ligilactobacillus, Megamonas, Collinsella aerofaciens, and Bifidobacterium sp. than the other groups. A significant breed effect was noted on nutrient digestibility, fecal metabolites, and microbiota. A treatment effect was observed in LA-GF as it resulted in greater fecal SCFA, lower protein fermentative end products, greater fecal primary BAs, lower fecal secondary BA concentrations, and shifts in fecal microbiota.
A grain-free diet with low animal protein can cause changes in fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota in dogs compared with traditional grain-inclusive and/or high animal protein diets.
Lay Summary
A recent topic of debate in pet food is whether grain or pulse ingredients and varying amounts of animal-based protein compared to plant proteins are better for pets’ health. Thus, the need to examine ingredients used in pet food is important. This study aimed to evaluate macronutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, fecal metabolites, and fecal microbiota in both mixed-breed hounds and Beagles when fed extruded diets containing different inclusion rates of animal protein and plant-based ingredients. Four experimental diets were studied 1) high animal protein, grain-inclusive (HA-GI), 2) low animal protein, grain-free (LA-GF), 3) low animal protein, grain-inclusive (LA-GI), and 4) high animal protein, grain-free (HA-GF). We found that all four diets were well-digested by the animals and all dogs remained healthy throughout the study. In addition, LA-GF produced a decrease in alpha diversity, yet was greater in the abundance of Megamonas, which are known to produce short-chain fatty acids. The other diets did not differ significantly. Apparent total tract nutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota were affected by breed and dietary treatments. While some have postulated that pulse-rich diets could perhaps be a cause of nutrition-associated dilated cardiomyopathy in canines due to a potentially negative effect on digestibility, our results showed all diets were highly digestible.]]></abstract><cop>US</cop><pub>Oxford University Press</pub><pmid>37555615</pmid><doi>10.1093/jas/skad268</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3423-1256</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Journal of animal science, 2023-01, Vol.101 |
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| source | PubMed Central; Oxford University Press:Jisc Collections:OUP Read and Publish 2024-2025 (2024 collection) (Reading list) |
| subjects | Ammonia Ammonia - analysis Animal Feed - analysis Animal protein Animals Carbohydrates Chemical composition Cholic acid Companion Animal Nutrition Diet Diet - veterinary Diet, Protein-Restricted - veterinary Digestibility Digestion Dogs Fatty Acids, Volatile - analysis Fecal microflora Feces Feces - chemistry Food sources Grain Metabolites Microbiomes Microbiota Microorganisms Phenols Plant Breeding Proteins |
| title | The impact of protein source and grain inclusion on digestibility, fecal metabolites, and fecal microbiome in adult canines |
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