Microbiological and drug resistance patterns of bronchoalveolar lavage samples taken from hospitalized patients in Iran

• Published in: Germs (Bucureşti) 2022-09, Vol.12 (3), p.333-343
• Main Authors: Tahmasebi, Zahra, Asadollahi, Parisa, Sadeghifard, Nourkhoda, Ghafourian, Sobhan, Kalani, Behrooz Sadeghi, Kalaei, Esmail Ghasemi Pasha, Pakzad, Iraj
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Age; Antibiotics; Bacteria; Bacterial infections; Bronchoalveolar lavage; Bronchoscopy; Chlamydia; Cross infection; Drug resistance; Drug resistance in microorganisms; Hospital patients; Hospitalization; Identification; Lavage; Microorganisms; Nosocomial infections; Original; Patients; Pneumonia; Risk factors; Staphylococcus infections; Statistics; Streptococcus infections; Teaching hospitals
• ISSN: 2248-2997; 2248-2997
• DOI: 10.18683/germs.2022.1337

Introduction Pulmonary diseases are amongst the most common causes of premature death and distressing disorders worldwide. This study aimed to detect the fastidious and routine infectious agents, and their drug resistance patterns in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples. Methods A total of 44 BAL samples were collected by bronchoscopy from patients with respiratory disorders hospitalized at 2 teaching hospitals in Ilam, Iran. The samples were cultured on routine bacterial culture media to identify the bacterial agents and calculate the colony count. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion method according to the CLSI protocol. PCR was used to detect the fastidious bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae using the 16srRNA specific primers and Legionella pneumophila using the mip specific primers. Results Overall, 100 bacterial isolates were isolated by culture from the 44 BAL samples including: Staphylococcus aureus (24, 31.2%), Streptococcus pyogenes (18, 23.4%), Enterococcus spp. (11, 14.3%), Acinetobacter baumannii (11, 14.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11, 14.3%), Enterococcus spp. (10, 13%), Micrococcus spp. (5, 6.5%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (5, 6.5%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (5, 6.5%). PCR detected 4 positive samples (9.1%) for Chlamydia pneumoniae but no positive cases for Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila. Acinetobacter baumannii showed the highest resistance rate (81.8%) to aztreonam and ceftazidime. Seventy-five percent of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistant to cefoxitin (MRSA) and 83.3% had the mecA gene. Vancomycin resistance was observed in 27.3% of the Enterococcus species (VRE). Resistance to piperacillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin and imipenem was observed in 54.5%, 45.5%, and 36.4% of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, respectively. The frequency of organisms isolated from the ICU was higher (46%) than from other wards. Conclusions The presence of MRSA, cephalosporins-resistant Enterobacteriaceae as well as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii resistant against piperacillin, imipenem, cefotaxime, aztreonam and ciprofloxacin amongst different wards, especially the ICU ward of the surveyed hospitals, is a major healthcare concern and it is necessary to wisely scrutinize the preventive strategies for antibiotic resistant infections. Keywords Bronchoalveolar lavage, antibiotic resistance, ICU, hospital, PCR.