Reducing the Inner Filter Effect in Microplates by Increasing Absorbance? Linear Fluorescence in Highly Concentrated Fluorophore Solutions in the Presence of an Added Absorber

• Published in: Analytical chemistry (Washington) 2023-09, Vol.95 (35), p.13036-13045
• Main Authors: Friganović, Tomislav, Weitner, Tin
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Absorbance; Absorbers; Absorption; Analytical chemistry; Calibration; Chemistry; Chromophores; Fluorescence; Fluorometers; Laboratory equipment
• ISSN: 0003-2700; 1520-6882
• DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01295

The fluorescence attenuation caused by the absorption of the excitation and/or emission light is called the Inner Filter Effect (IFE) and can lead to a nonlinear fluorescence concentration response. In this article, we propose the AddAbs (Added Absorber) method, which counterintuitively corrects IFE by increasing the absorbance of the sample. In this method, an equal amount of a highly absorbing chromophore is added to each sample to compensate for the nonuniform quenching caused by different fluorophore concentrations. The AddAbs method was able to provide a linear fluorescence response (R 2 > 0.999) for very concentrated fluorophore solutions with extreme IFE over more than 97% of the concentration range with less than 1% deviation in calibration slope. The true limit for the AddAbs method with respect to fluorophore concentration was apparently not reached and could be higher than measured (A ex,1cm > 33.94). The IFE-corrected data are obtained by a single fluorescence measurement per sample without additional mathematical procedures. The method also does not require absorbance measurements, so it can be performed in non-transparent microplates with similar results. In addition, preliminary measurements indicate that the method is also suitable for measurements in standard cuvettes using a fluorimeter with a 90° angle setup.