Facial thermal response to non-painful stressor in premature and term neonates

• Published in: Pediatric research 2023-10, Vol.94 (4), p.1422-1427
• Main Authors: Kretschmer, Sophie C. A., Paul, Michael, Heussen, Nicole, Leonhardt, Steffen, Orlikowsky, Thorsten, Heimann, Konrad
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Clinical; Clinical outcomes; Clinical Research Article; Face; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Hunger; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Nose; Pain - diagnosis; Patient satisfaction; Pediatric Surgery; Pediatrics; Premature babies; Premature Birth; Thermography
• ISSN: 0031-3998; 1530-0447; 1530-0447
• DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02614-1

Background This study is a preliminary clinical investigation with the objective to evaluate the facial thermal response of premature and term neonates to a non-painful stressor (hunger) using infrared thermography (IRT). The development of objective and reliable parameters to monitor pain and stress is of relevance for optimal neonatal outcome and achieving a better management of patient comfort. Methods We enrolled 12 neonates ranging from 27 to 39 weeks gestation (median: 34) and aged 3–79 days (median: 13). Recordings were performed before and after feeding, with and without hunger. Six regions of interest were chosen for evaluation (nose tip, periorbital and corrugator region, forehead, perioral and chin region). Results There was an increase in the facial temperature in infants immediately prior to their next feed relative to infants who were not hungry, with the nasal tip being the facial evaluation site with the greatest temperature change. Conclusions The IRT appears to be a feasible and suitable method to detect changes in the neonatal patient. The thermal variations observed seem to reflect an arousal mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system, which has been described in existing infant stress research. Impact This is the first study to examine the use of infrared thermography (IRT) in monitoring the facial thermal response to a mild stressor (hunger) in premature and term neonates. Hunger as a mild, non-pain-associated stressor showed a significant effect on the facial temperature. The thermal signature of the regions of interest chosen showed hunger-related thermal variations. Results suggest the feasibility and suitability of IRT as an objective diagnostic tool to approach stress and changes in the condition of the neonatal patient.