Cloud microphysical response to entrainment and mixing is locally inhomogeneous and globally homogeneous: Evidence from the lab

• Published in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS 2023-10, Vol.120 (42), p.e2307354120-e2307354120
• Main Authors: Yeom, Jae Min, Helman, Ian, Prabhakaran, Prasanth, Anderson, Jesse C, Yang, Fan, Shaw, Raymond A, Cantrell, Will
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: aerosol-cloud interactions; Air entrainment; Air temperature; Cloud chambers; cloud microphysics; Clouds; Convection; Droplets; Entrainment; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; Evaporation; Flow rates; GEOSCIENCES; homogeneous vs inhomogeneous mixing; Moisture content; Optical properties; Parameterization; Perturbation; Physical Sciences; Water; Water content; Wind
• ISSN: 0027-8424; 1091-6490
• DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307354120

Entrainment of dry air into clouds strongly influences cloud optical and precipitation properties and the response of clouds to aerosol perturbations. The response of cloud droplet size distributions to entrainment-mixing is examined in the Pi convection-cloud chamber that creates a turbulent, steady-state cloud. The experiments are conducted by injecting dry air with temperature (T ) and flow rate (Q ) through a flange in the top boundary, into the otherwise well-mixed cloud, to mimic the entrainment-mixing process. Due to the large-scale circulation, the downwind region is directly affected by entrained dry air, whereas the upwind region is representative of the background conditions. Droplet concentration (Cn) and liquid water content (L) decrease in the downwind region, but the difference in the mean diameter of droplets (D ) is small. The shape of cloud droplet size distributions relative to the injection point is unchanged, to within statistical uncertainty, resulting in a signature of inhomogeneous mixing, as expected for droplet evaporation times small compared to mixing time scales. As T and Q of entrained air increase, however, Cn, L, and D of the whole cloud system decrease, resulting in a signature of homogeneous mixing. The apparent contradiction is understood as the cloud microphysical responses to entrainment and mixing differing on local and global scales: locally inhomogeneous and globally homogeneous. This implies that global versus local sampling of clouds can lead to seemingly contradictory results for mixing, which informs the long-standing debate about the microphysical response to entrainment and the parameterization of this process for coarse-resolution models.