The development of ecological civilization in China based on the economic–social–natural complex system

China is making great efforts to build an ecological civilization. To reveal the effectiveness and spatial characteristics of the ecological civilization development in China, we constructed an Ecological Civilization Evaluation Index (ECI) based on the economic-social-natural complex system. We eva...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Ambio 2023-12, Vol.52 (12), p.1910-1927
Main Authors: Xiao, Rui, Hao, Haiguang, Zhang, Huiyuan, Liu, Yujie, Liu, Mengxiao
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Atmospheric Sciences
China
Civilization
Climate change
Complex systems
Conservation of Natural Resources
Earth and Environmental Science
Ecological Civilization
Ecological effects
Ecology
Economic development
Economics
Ecosystem
Environment
Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology
Environmental impact
Environmental Management
Environmental protection
Heterogeneity
Income distribution
Physical Geography
Politics
Qualitative research
Social justice
Society
Spatial heterogeneity
Subsystems
Sustainable development
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Summary:China is making great efforts to build an ecological civilization. To reveal the effectiveness and spatial characteristics of the ecological civilization development in China, we constructed an Ecological Civilization Evaluation Index (ECI) based on the economic-social-natural complex system. We evaluated the development level of the ecological civilization in China from 2004 to 2020 and discussed the coupling and coordination relationship between subsystems. We found that the ecological civilization of China has achieved remarkable results. The relationship among the three subsystems has been improved to some extent, but the high-quality development of the economic system still requires effort. The development level of the ecological civilization in China presents spatial heterogeneity. From east to west, 30 provinces can be classified into four different types of development. On the whole, the development of China’s ecological civilization has provided experiences for the world.
ISSN:0044-7447
1654-7209
1654-7209
DOI:10.1007/s13280-023-01937-x