Genomic Stratification of Clozapine Prescription Patterns Using Schizophrenia Polygenic Scores

• Published in: Biological psychiatry (1969) 2023-01, Vol.93 (2), p.149-156
• Main Authors: Kappel, Djenifer B., Legge, Sophie E., Hubbard, Leon, Willcocks, Isabella R., O’Connell, Kevin S., Smith, Robert L., Molden, Espen, Andreassen, Ole A., King, Adrian, Jansen, John, Helthuis, Marinka, Owen, Michael J., O’Donovan, Michael C., Walters, James T.R., Pardiñas, Antonio F.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Antipsychotic Agents - therapeutic use; Archival Report; Clozapine; Clozapine - therapeutic use; Genomics; Humans; Pharmacogenomics; Polygenic risk scores; Precision medicine; Prescriptions; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenia - drug therapy; Schizophrenia - genetics
• ISSN: 0006-3223; 1873-2402; 1873-2402
• DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.07.014

Treatment-resistant schizophrenia affects approximately 30% of individuals with the disorder. Clozapine is the medication of choice in treatment-resistant schizophrenia, but optimizing administration and dose titration is complex. The identification of factors influencing clozapine prescription and response, including genetics, is of interest in a precision psychiatry framework. We used linear regression models accounting for demographic, pharmacological, and clinical covariates to determine whether a polygenic risk score (PRS) for schizophrenia would be associated with the highest dose recorded during clozapine treatment. Analyses were performed across 2 independent multiancestry samples of individuals from a UK patient monitoring system, CLOZUK2 (n = 3133) and CLOZUK3 (n = 909), and a European sample from a Norwegian therapeutic drug monitoring service (n = 417). In a secondary analysis merging both UK cohorts, logistic regression models were used to estimate the relationship between schizophrenia PRSs and clozapine doses classified as low, standard, or high. After controlling for relevant covariates, the schizophrenia PRS was correlated with the highest clozapine dose on record for each individual across all samples: CLOZUK2 (β = 12.22, SE = 3.78, p = .001), CLOZUK3 (β = 12.73, SE = 5.99, p = .034), and the Norwegian cohort (β = 46.45, SE = 18.83, p = .014). In a secondary analysis, the schizophrenia PRS was associated with taking clozapine doses >600 mg/day (odds ratio = 1.279, p = .006). The schizophrenia PRS was associated with the highest clozapine dose prescribed for an individual in records from 3 independent samples, suggesting that the genetic liability for schizophrenia might index factors associated with therapeutic decisions in cohorts of patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia.