More than the Infinite Monkey Theorem: NHP Models in the Development of a Pediatric HIV Cure

• Published in: Current HIV/AIDS reports 2024-02, Vol.21 (1), p.11-29
• Main Authors: Fonseca, Jairo A., King, Alexis C., Chahroudi, Ann
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Anti-Retroviral Agents - therapeutic use; Antiretroviral therapy; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Child; Expression vectors; Haplorhini; HIV; HIV Infections - drug therapy; HIV-1; Human immunodeficiency virus; Humans; Immune response; Immunotherapy; Latency; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Pediatrics; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus; Topical Collection on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment; Vaccination; Viremia
• ISSN: 1548-3568; 1548-3576
• DOI: 10.1007/s11904-023-00686-6

Purpose of Review An HIV cure that eliminates the viral reservoir or provides viral control without antiretroviral therapy (ART) is an urgent need in children as they face unique challenges, including lifelong ART adherence and the deleterious effects of chronic immune activation. This review highlights the importance of nonhuman primate (NHP) models in developing an HIV cure for children as these models recapitulate the viral pathogenesis and persistence. Recent Findings Several cure approaches have been explored in infant NHPs, although knowledge gaps remain. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) show promise for controlling viremia and delaying viral rebound after ART interruption but face administration challenges. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors hold the potential for sustained bNAb expression. Therapeutic vaccination induces immune responses against simian retroviruses but has yet to impact the viral reservoir. Combining immunotherapies with latency reversal agents (LRAs) that enhance viral antigen expression should be explored. Summary Current and future cure approaches will require adaptation for the pediatric immune system and unique features of virus persistence, for which NHP models are fundamental to assess their efficacy.