Effect of wax separation on macro‐ and micro‐elements, phenolic compounds, pesticide residues, and toxic elements in propolis

• Published in: Food science & nutrition 2024-03, Vol.12 (3), p.1736-1748
• Main Authors: Evran, Eylul, Durakli‐Velioglu, Serap, Velioglu, Hasan Murat, Boyaci, Ismail Hakki
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Beekeeping; Bees; Beeswax; Cadmium; Carbendazim; Chemical contaminants; Chromium; Contaminants; Food safety; Fungicides; Gallic acid; Hazardous materials; Health promotion; Heavy metals; Honey; Insecticides; Lead; macro‐elements; Metalaxyl; micro‐elements; Natural products; Original; Pesticide residues; Pesticide toxicity; Pesticides; Phenolic compounds; Phenols; Propolis; Residues; Resins; Separation; Tebuconazole; Toxic substances; Trace elements; wax separation; Waxes
• ISSN: 2048-7177; 2048-7177
• DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3866

Propolis, a natural product with many biological activities, is a resinous material produced by honeybees. It contains not only valuable components but also some possible contaminants in varying amounts. Hence, this study aimed to examine how the process step of wax separation affects certain elements, pesticide residues, and phenolic compounds in propolis. Total phenolics, elements, and some pesticide residues were analyzed in the crude propolis (CP samples), wax portion (W samples), and remaining propolis fraction (PF samples) after wax separation. Total phenolics of the CP samples were determined in the range of 31.90–45.00 mg GAE g−1 sample, while those of the PF samples were in the range of 54.97–162.09 mg GAE g−1 sample. Loss/reduction values by means of wax separation for phenolics were calculated as 10.88% and 17.89%, respectively. Pb contents of all PF samples were low (0.232–1.520 mg kg−1), but it was also noteworthy that nearly 40% or even more of Cr, As, Cd, and Pb were removed by wax separation. Removal of significant amounts of carbendazim (38.09%–67.35%), metalaxyl (81.57%–72.67%), tebuconazole (65.99%–78.36%), and propargite (88.46%–83.05%) was also achieved. Wax separation enables the removal of toxic substances from crude propolis without causing huge losses in phenolic compounds. Propolis, a natural product, contains valuable components along with potential contaminants. The separation of the wax portion allows the removal of significant amounts of some toxic metals, such as Cr, Pb, As, and Cd, and pesticides, including carbendazim, metalaxyl, tebuconazole, and propargite, without causing huge losses in phenolics. Wax separation could serve as a valuable process step for the reduction/removal of toxic contaminants in crude propolis.