Higher and Sustained Cell-Mediated Immune Responses After 3 Doses of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease on Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy

• Published in: Clinical and translational gastroenterology 2024-04, Vol.15 (4), p.e00688-e00688
• Main Authors: Caldera, Freddy, Rolak, Stacey, Farraye, Francis A, Necela, Brian M, Cogen, Davitte, Zona, Emily E, Schell, Trevor L, Ramirez, Oscar Ramirez, Almasry, Mazen, Chun, Kelly, Hayney, Mary S, Knutson, Keith L
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Antibodies, Viral - blood; Antibodies, Viral - immunology; BNT162 Vaccine - administration & dosage; BNT162 Vaccine - immunology; COVID-19 - immunology; COVID-19 - prevention & control; COVID-19 Vaccines - administration & dosage; COVID-19 Vaccines - immunology; Female; Humans; Immunity, Cellular - drug effects; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Immunosuppressive Agents - administration & dosage; Immunosuppressive Agents - therapeutic use; Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - drug therapy; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - immunology; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; SARS-CoV-2 - immunology; T-Lymphocytes - immunology; Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors - administration & dosage; Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors - therapeutic use; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - antagonists & inhibitors
• ISSN: 2155-384X; 2155-384X
• DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000688

Studies suggest that the generation of durable T-cell immunity following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination protects against severe disease. The aim of this study was to measure cell-mediated immune response (CMIR) 1-2 months and 6 months after a third dose of a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. This prospective study (HumoRal and CellULar initial and Sustained immunogenicity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]) evaluated CMIR at 28-65 days (t 1 ) after dose 2, 28-65 days (t 2 ) (n = 183) and 6 months (±45 days) (t 3 ) (n = 167) after a third dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. A small cohort had blood sample available 28-65 days (t 4 ) (n = 55) after a fourth dose. Primary outcomes were CMIR at (t 2 ) and (t 3 ). Secondary outcomes included the effect of immunosuppressing IBD medications on CMIR and response at (t 4 ). All patients had measurable CMIR at all time points. CMIR increased at t 2 compared with that at t 1 (median 1,467 responding cells per million (interquartile range [IQR] 410-5,971) vs 313 (94-960) P < 0.001). There was no significant waning in t 2 vs t 3 or significant boosting at t 4 . Those on anti-tumor necrosis factor monotherapy had a higher CMIR compared with those not on this therapy at t 2 (4,132 [IQR 1,136-8,795] vs 869 [IQR 343-3,221] P < 0.001) and t 3 (2,843 [IQR 596-6,459] vs 654 [IQR 143-2,067] P < 0.001). In univariable analysis, anti-tumor necrosis factor monotherapy was associated with a higher CMIR at t 2 ( P < 0.001) and t 3 ( P < 0.001) and confirmed in a multivariable model ( P < 0.001). A third dose of a COVID-19 vaccine boosts CMIR, and the response is sustained in patients with IBD.