Data adaptive regularization with reference tissue constraints for liver quantitative susceptibility mapping

• Published in: Magnetic resonance in medicine 2023-08, Vol.90 (2), p.385-399
• Main Authors: Velikina, Julia V., Zhao, Ruiyang, Buelo, Collin J., Samsonov, Alexey A., Reeder, Scott B., Hernando, Diego
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Abdomen; Adaptive algorithms; Algorithms; Bias; Brain - diagnostic imaging; Brain Mapping; Chemical equilibrium; Constraints; Evaluation; Humans; iron; Iron - analysis; Liver; Liver - chemistry; Liver - diagnostic imaging; Magnetic permeability; Magnetic resonance imaging; Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods; Magnetic susceptibility; Mapping; Parameters; QSM; Reconstruction; Regularization; Reproducibility; Reproducibility of Results; Susceptibility
• ISSN: 0740-3194; 1522-2594
• DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29644

Purpose To improve repeatability and reproducibility across acquisition parameters and reduce bias in quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) of the liver, through development of an optimized regularized reconstruction algorithm for abdominal QSM. Methods An optimized approach to estimation of magnetic susceptibility distribution is formulated as a constrained reconstruction problem that incorporates estimates of the input data reliability and anatomical priors available from chemical shift‐encoded imaging. The proposed data‐adaptive method was evaluated with respect to bias, repeatability, and reproducibility in a patient population with a wide range of liver iron concentration (LIC). The proposed method was compared to the previously proposed and validated approach in liver QSM for two multi‐echo spoiled gradient‐recalled echo protocols with different acquisition parameters at 3T. Linear regression was used for evaluation of QSM methods against a reference FDA‐approved R2$$ {R}_2 $$‐based LIC measure and R2∗$$ {R}_2^{\ast } $$ measurements; repeatability/reproducibility were assessed by Bland–Altman analysis. Results The data‐adaptive method produced susceptibility maps with higher subjective quality due to reduced shading artifacts. For both acquisition protocols, higher linear correlation with both R2$$ {R}_2 $$‐ and R2∗$$ {R}_2^{\ast } $$‐based measurements were observed for the data‐adaptive method (r2=0.74/0.69$$ {r}^2=0.74/0.69 $$ for R2$$ {R}_2 $$, 0.97/0.95$$ 0.97/0.95 $$ for R2∗$$ {R}_2^{\ast } $$) than the standard method (r2=0.60/0.66$$ {r}^2=0.60/0.66 $$ and 0.79/0.88$$ 0.79/0.88 $$). For both protocols, the data‐adaptive method enabled better test–retest repeatability (repeatability coefficients 0.19/0.30 ppm for the data‐adaptive method, 0.38/0.47 ppm for the standard method) and reproducibility across protocols (reproducibility coefficient 0.28 vs. 0.53ppm) than the standard method. Conclusions The proposed data‐adaptive QSM algorithm may enable quantification of LIC with improved repeatability/reproducibility across different acquisition parameters as 3T.