Methylthioadenosine Phosphorylase Genomic Loss in Advanced Gastrointestinal Cancers

• Published in: The oncologist (Dayton, Ohio) Ohio), 2024-06, Vol.29 (6), p.493-503
• Main Authors: Ngoi, Natalie Y L, Tang, Tin-Yun, Gaspar, Catia F, Pavlick, Dean C, Buchold, Gregory M, Scholefield, Emma L, Parimi, Vamsi, Huang, Richard S P, Janovitz, Tyler, Danziger, Natalie, Levy, Mia A, Pant, Shubham, De Armas, Anaemy Danner, Kumpula, David, Ross, Jeffrey S, Javle, Milind, Rodon Ahnert, Jordi
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Biomarkers, Tumor - genetics; Cancer Diagnostics and Molecular Pathology; Chromosome deletion; Complications and side effects; Development and progression; Female; Gastrointestinal cancer; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms - genetics; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms - pathology; Genetic aspects; Genomics - methods; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Physiological aspects; Prognosis; Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase - genetics; Retrospective Studies; Statistics
• ISSN: 1083-7159; 1549-490X; 1549-490X
• DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyae011

One of the most common sporadic homozygous deletions in cancers is 9p21 loss, which includes the genes methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP), CDKN2A, and CDKN2B, and has been correlated with worsened outcomes and immunotherapy resistance. MTAP-loss is a developing drug target through synthetic lethality with MAT2A and PMRT5 inhibitors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence and genomic landscape of MTAP-loss in advanced gastrointestinal (GI) tumors and investigate its role as a prognostic biomarker. We performed next-generation sequencing and comparative genomic and clinical analysis on an extensive cohort of 64 860 tumors comprising 5 GI cancers. We compared the clinical outcomes of patients with GI cancer harboring MTAP-loss and MTAP-intact tumors in a retrospective study. The prevalence of MTAP-loss in GI cancers is 8.30%. MTAP-loss was most prevalent in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) at 21.7% and least in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) at 1.1%. MTAP-loss tumors were more prevalent in East Asian patients with PDAC (4.4% vs 3.2%, P = .005) or intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC; 6.4% vs 4.3%, P = .036). Significant differences in the prevalence of potentially targetable genomic alterations (ATM, BRAF, BRCA2, ERBB2, IDH1, PIK3CA, and PTEN) were observed in MTAP-loss tumors and varied according to tumor type. MTAP-loss PDAC, IHCC, and CRC had a lower prevalence of microsatellite instability or elevated tumor mutational burden. Positive PD-L1 tumor cell expression was less frequent among MTAP-loss versus MTAP-intact IHCC tumors (23.2% vs 31.2%, P = .017). In GI cancers, MTAP-loss occurs as part of 9p21 loss and has an overall prevalence of 8%. MTAP-loss occurs in 22% of PDAC, 15% of IHCC, 8.7% of gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma, 2.4% of hepatocellular carcinoma, and 1.1% of CRC and is not mutually exclusive with other targetable mutations.