Biological biomarkers of oral cancer

The oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) 5 year survival rate of 41% has marginally improved in the last few years, with less than a 1% improvement per year from 2005 to 2017, with higher survival rates when detected at early stages. Based on histopathological grading of oral dysplasia, it is estimat...

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Published in:Periodontology 2000 2024-10, Vol.96 (1), p.250-280
Main Authors: Radaic, Allan, Kamarajan, Pachiyappan, Cho, Alex, Wang, Sandy, Hung, Guo‐Chin, Najarzadegan, Fereshteh, Wong, David T., Ton‐That, Hung, Wang, Cun‐Yu, Kapila, Yvonne L.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
biomarkers
Biomarkers, Tumor
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell - diagnosis
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell - genetics
Disease Progression
Genomics
human papilloma virus (HPV)
Humans
immunomics
Metabolomics
microbiomics
Mouth Neoplasms - diagnosis
OPMD
oral potentially malignant disorders
oral squamous cell carcinoma
OSCC
Proteomics
Review
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Summary:The oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) 5 year survival rate of 41% has marginally improved in the last few years, with less than a 1% improvement per year from 2005 to 2017, with higher survival rates when detected at early stages. Based on histopathological grading of oral dysplasia, it is estimated that severe dysplasia has a malignant transformation rate of 7%–50%. Despite these numbers, oral dysplasia grading does not reliably predict its clinical behavior. Thus, more accurate markers predicting oral dysplasia progression to cancer would enable better targeting of these lesions for closer follow‐up, especially in the early stages of the disease. In this context, molecular biomarkers derived from genetics, proteins, and metabolites play key roles in clinical oncology. These molecular signatures can help predict the likelihood of OSCC development and/or progression and have the potential to detect the disease at an early stage and, support treatment decision‐making and predict treatment responsiveness. Also, identifying reliable biomarkers for OSCC detection that can be obtained non‐invasively would enhance management of OSCC. This review will discuss biomarkers for OSCC that have emerged from different biological areas, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, immunomics, and microbiomics.
ISSN:0906-6713
1600-0757
1600-0757
DOI:10.1111/prd.12542