Molecular Memory Micromotors for Fast Snake Venom Toxin Dynamic Detection

• Published in: Analytical chemistry (Washington) 2024-07, Vol.96 (26), p.10791-10799
• Main Authors: Bujalance-Fernández, Javier, Jurado-Sánchez, Beatriz, Escarpa, Alberto
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic - chemistry; Bungarotoxin; Bungarotoxins - chemistry; Bungarotoxins - urine; Bungarus; Hydrogen peroxide; Micromotors; Molecular Imprinting; Polymers - chemistry; Recognition; Snake Venoms - chemistry; Snakes; Sulfonic Acids; Toxins; Venom; Venom toxins; Venomous snakes
• ISSN: 0003-2700; 1520-6882; 1520-6882
• DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01976

The analysis and detection of snake venom toxins are a matter of great importance in clinical diagnosis for fast treatment and the discovery of new pharmaceutical products. Current detection methods have high associated costs and require the use of sophisticated bioreceptors, which in some cases are difficult to obtain. Herein, we report the synthesis of template-based molecularly imprinted micromotors for dynamic detection of α-bungarotoxin as a model toxin present in the venom of many-banded krait (Bungarus multicinctus). The specific recognition sites are built-in in the micromotors by incubation of the membrane template with the target toxin, followed by a controlled electrodeposition of a poly­(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly­(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) polymeric layer, a magnetic Ni layer to promote magnetic guidance and facilitate washing steps, and a Pt layer for autonomous propulsion in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The enhanced fluid mixing and autonomous propulsion increase the likelihood of interactions with the target analyte as compared with static counterparts, retaining the tetramethylrhodamine-labeled α-bungarotoxin on the micromotor surface with extremely fast dynamic sensor response (after just 20 s navigation) in only 3 μL of water, urine, or serum samples. The sensitivity achieved meets the clinically relevant concentration postsnakebite (from 0.1 to 100 μg/mL), illustrating the feasibility of the approach for practical applications. The selectivity of the protocol is very high, as illustrated by the absence of fluorescence in the micromotor surface in the presence of α-cobratoxin as a representative toxin with a size and structure similar to those of α-bungarotoxin. Recoveries higher than 95% are obtained in the analysis of urine- and serum-fortified samples. The new strategy holds considerable promise for fast, inexpensive, and even onsite detection of several toxins using multiple molecularly imprinted micromotors with tailored recognition abilities.