ADHD/CD-NET: automated EEG-based characterization of ADHD and CD using explainable deep neural network technique

• Published in: Cognitive neurodynamics 2024-08, Vol.18 (4), p.1609-1625
• Main Authors: Loh, Hui Wen, Ooi, Chui Ping, Oh, Shu Lih, Barua, Prabal Datta, Tan, Yi Ren, Acharya, U. Rajendra, Fung, Daniel Shuen Sheng
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Artificial Intelligence; Artificial neural networks; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Biochemistry; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Channels; Children; Cognitive Psychology; Comorbidity; Computer Science; Continuous wavelet transform; Correlation analysis; Datasets; Deep learning; Diagnosis; Dopamine; EEG; Electroencephalography; Localization; Machine learning; Medical personnel; Neural networks; Neurodevelopmental disorders; Neurosciences; Performance evaluation; Research Article
• ISSN: 1871-4080; 1871-4099
• DOI: 10.1007/s11571-023-10028-2

In this study, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a childhood neurodevelopmental disorder, is being studied alongside its comorbidity, conduct disorder (CD), a behavioral disorder. Because ADHD and CD share commonalities, distinguishing them is difficult, thus increasing the risk of misdiagnosis. It is crucial that these two conditions are not mistakenly identified as the same because the treatment plan varies depending on whether the patient has CD or ADHD. Hence, this study proposes an electroencephalogram (EEG)-based deep learning system known as ADHD/CD-NET that is capable of objectively distinguishing ADHD, ADHD + CD, and CD. The 12-channel EEG signals were first segmented and converted into channel-wise continuous wavelet transform (CWT) correlation matrices. The resulting matrices were then used to train the convolutional neural network (CNN) model, and the model’s performance was evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation. Gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) was also used to provide explanations for the prediction result made by the ‘black box’ CNN model. Internal private dataset (45 ADHD, 62 ADHD + CD and 16 CD) and external public dataset (61 ADHD and 60 healthy controls) were used to evaluate ADHD/CD-NET. As a result, ADHD/CD-NET achieved classification accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and precision of 93.70%, 90.83%, 95.35% and 91.85% for the internal evaluation, and 98.19%, 98.36%, 98.03% and 98.06% for the external evaluation. Grad-CAM also identified significant channels that contributed to the diagnosis outcome. Therefore, ADHD/CD-NET can perform temporal localization and choose significant EEG channels for diagnosis, thus providing objective analysis for mental health professionals and clinicians to consider when making a diagnosis.