Biofabrication of Human Skin with Its Appendages

Much effort has been made to generate human skin organ in the laboratory. Yet, the current models are limited due to the lack of many critical biological and structural features of the skin. Importantly, these in vitro models lack appendages and fail to recapitulate the whole human skin construction...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Advanced healthcare materials 2022-11, Vol.11 (22), p.e2201626-n/a
Main Authors: Hosseini, Motaharesadat, Koehler, Karl R., Shafiee, Abbas
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
3D culture
Animals
Appendages
Bioengineering
Follicles
Hair
Hair Follicle
Humans
Immune system
Mice
Organoids
Regeneration
regenerative medicine
Review
Scaffolds
Sebaceous gland
Sebaceous glands
Skin
Skin, Artificial
Substitutes
Sweat gland
Tissue engineering
Wound Healing
wounds
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Summary:Much effort has been made to generate human skin organ in the laboratory. Yet, the current models are limited due to the lack of many critical biological and structural features of the skin. Importantly, these in vitro models lack appendages and fail to recapitulate the whole human skin construction. Thus, engineering a human skin with the capacity to generate all components, including appendages, is a major challenge. This review intends to provide an update on the recent efforts underway to regenerate appendage‐bearing skin organs based on scaffold‐free and scaffold‐based bioengineering approaches. Although the mouse skin equivalents containing hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands have been established in vitro, there has been limited success in humans. A combination of biofabricated matrices and cell aggregates, such as organoids, can pave the way for generating skin substitutes with human‐like biological, structural, and physical features. Accordingly, the formation of human skin organoids and reconstruction of vascularized skin equipped with immune cells prompt calls for more scientific research. The generation of appendage‐bearing skin substitutes can be applied in practice for wound healing, hair restoration, and scar treatment. The successful bioengineered skin constructs should reflect the in vivo situation for the formation and growth of all skin layers containing blood vessels and appendages. Yet, there are major challenges ahead to regenerate functional skin. The skin organoids and bioeneering concepts hold promise for reconstructing appendage‐bearing skin organ.
ISSN:2192-2640
2192-2659
2192-2659
DOI:10.1002/adhm.202201626