Hypercholesterolemia and inflammation—Cooperative cardiovascular risk factors

• Published in: European journal of clinical investigation 2025-01, Vol.55 (1), p.e14326-n/a
• Main Authors: Gallo, Antonio, Le Goff, Wilfried, Santos, Raul D., Fichtner, Isabella, Carugo, Stefano, Corsini, Alberto, Sirtori, Cesare, Ruscica, Massimiliano
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Atherosclerosis - blood; Atherosclerosis - epidemiology; Atherosclerosis - immunology; Atherosclerosis - metabolism; Biomarkers; Biomarkers - blood; Biomarkers - metabolism; C-Reactive Protein - analysis; C-Reactive Protein - metabolism; Cardiovascular diseases; Chemokines; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, LDL - blood; Cholesterol, LDL - metabolism; Dendritic cells; Health risks; Heart Disease Risk Factors; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors - therapeutic use; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypercholesterolemia - blood; Hypercholesterolemia - complications; Hypercholesterolemia - immunology; Hypercholesterolemia - metabolism; Immune system; inflammasome; Inflammation; Inflammation - blood; Inflammation - complications; Inflammation - immunology; Inflammation - metabolism; Interleukin 6; Interleukin-6 - blood; Interleukin-6 - metabolism; Leukocytes (neutrophilic); Lipids; Low concentrations; Low density lipoprotein; Lymphocytes; Lymphocytes B; Lymphocytes T; Macrophages; Mast cells; Narrative Review; Plaque, Atherosclerotic - blood; Plaque, Atherosclerotic - epidemiology; Plaque, Atherosclerotic - immunology; Plaque, Atherosclerotic - metabolism; Risk Factors
• ISSN: 0014-2972; 1365-2362; 1365-2362
• DOI: 10.1111/eci.14326

Background Maintaining low concentrations of plasma low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) over time decreases the number of LDL particles trapped within the artery wall, slows the progression of atherosclerosis and delays the age at which mature atherosclerotic plaques develop. This substantially reduces the lifetime risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events. In this context, plaque development and vulnerability result not only from lipid accumulation but also from inflammation. Results Changes in the composition of immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, mast cells and neutrophils, along with altered cytokine and chemokine release, disrupt the equilibrium between inflammation and anti‐inflammatory mechanisms at plaque sites. Considering that it is not a competition between LDLc and inflammation, but instead that they are partners in crime, the present narrative review aims to give an overview of the main inflammatory molecular pathways linked to raised LDLc concentrations and to describe the impact of lipid‐lowering approaches on the inflammatory and lipid burden. Although remarkable changes in LDLc are driven by the most recent lipid lowering combinations, the relative reduction in plasma C‐reactive protein appears to be independent of the magnitude of LDLc lowering. Conclusion Identifying clinical biomarkers of inflammation (e.g. interleukin‐6) and possible targets for therapy holds promise for monitoring and reducing the ASCVD burden in suitable patients.