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Intrinsic and environmental drivers of pairwise cohesion in wild Canis social groups

Animals within social groups respond to costs and benefits of sociality by adjusting the proportion of time they spend in close proximity to other individuals in the group (cohesion). Variation in cohesion between individuals, in turn, shapes important group‐level processes such as subgroup formatio...

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Published in:Ecology (Durham) 2025-01, Vol.106 (1), p.e4492-n/a
Main Authors: Benson, John F., Keiter, David A., Mahoney, Peter J., Allen, Benjamin L., Allen, Lee, Álvares, Francisco, Anderson, Morgan L., Barber‐Meyer, Shannon M., Barocas, Adi, Beasley, James C., Behrendorff, Linda, Belant, Jerrold L., Beyer, Dean E., Boitani, Luigi, Borg, Bridget L., Boutin, Stan, Boydston, Erin E., Brown, Justin L., Bump, Joseph K., Cepek, Jonathon D., Chamberlain, Michael J., Chenaux‐Ibrahim, Yvette M., Cherry, Seth G., Ćirović, Duško, Ciucci, Paolo, Cluff, H. Dean, Cooper, Susan M., Crooks, Kevin R., Dupont, Daniel L. J., Fisher, Robert N., Fortin, Daniel, Gable, Thomas D., García, Emilio, Geffen, Eli, Gehrt, Stanley D., Gillingham, Michael, Heard, Douglas C., Hebblewhite, Mark, Hinton, Joseph W., Homkes, Austin T., Howden, Chris G., Huber, Djuro, Jackson, Pat J., Joly, Kyle, Kelly, Allicia, Kelly, Marcella J., Kingdon, Katrien A., Kulkarni, Abhijeet, Kusak, Josip, Kuzyk, Gerald W., Lake, Bryce C., Llaneza, Luis, López‐Bao, José Vicente, MacNulty, Daniel R., McLaren, Ashley A. D., McLoughlin, Philip D., Merrill, Evelyn H., Mills, Kenneth J., Mitchell, Numi, Moore, Seth A., Mumma, Matthew A., Murray, Maureen H., Musiani, Marco, Nakamura, Mónia, Neilson, Eric W., Neufeld, Lalenia M., Newsome, Thomas M., Oakleaf, John K., Palacios, Vicente, Perdicas, Marlo M., Perry, Thomas, Petroelje, Tyler R., Piper, Cyrenea B., Prokopenko, Christina M., Prugh, Laura R., Riley, Seth P. D., Rio‐Maior, Helena, Roffler, Gretchen H., Rollins, Dale, Sand, Håkan, Schmiegelow, Fiona K. A., Seip, Dale R., Sorum, Mathew S., St. Clair, Colleen C., Steenweg, Robin, Strohbach, Michael W., Tatler, Jack, Thompson, Connor A., Turner, Julie W., Vanak, Abi T., Vander Wal, Eric, Wabakken, Petter, Webster, Sarah C., Wheeldon, Tyler J., Wikenros, Camilla, Windels, Steve K., Young, Julie K., Zabihi‐Seissan, Sana, Zimmermann, Barbara, Patterson, Brent R.
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container_start_page e4492
container_title Ecology (Durham)
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creator Benson, John F.
Keiter, David A.
Mahoney, Peter J.
Allen, Benjamin L.
Allen, Lee
Álvares, Francisco
Anderson, Morgan L.
Barber‐Meyer, Shannon M.
Barocas, Adi
Beasley, James C.
Behrendorff, Linda
Belant, Jerrold L.
Beyer, Dean E.
Boitani, Luigi
Borg, Bridget L.
Boutin, Stan
Boydston, Erin E.
Brown, Justin L.
Bump, Joseph K.
Cepek, Jonathon D.
Chamberlain, Michael J.
Chenaux‐Ibrahim, Yvette M.
Cherry, Seth G.
Ćirović, Duško
Ciucci, Paolo
Cluff, H. Dean
Cooper, Susan M.
Crooks, Kevin R.
Dupont, Daniel L. J.
Fisher, Robert N.
Fortin, Daniel
Gable, Thomas D.
García, Emilio
Geffen, Eli
Gehrt, Stanley D.
Gillingham, Michael
Heard, Douglas C.
Hebblewhite, Mark
Hinton, Joseph W.
Homkes, Austin T.
Howden, Chris G.
Huber, Djuro
Jackson, Pat J.
Joly, Kyle
Kelly, Allicia
Kelly, Marcella J.
Kingdon, Katrien A.
Kulkarni, Abhijeet
Kusak, Josip
Kuzyk, Gerald W.
Lake, Bryce C.
Llaneza, Luis
López‐Bao, José Vicente
MacNulty, Daniel R.
McLaren, Ashley A. D.
McLoughlin, Philip D.
Merrill, Evelyn H.
Mills, Kenneth J.
Mitchell, Numi
Moore, Seth A.
Mumma, Matthew A.
Murray, Maureen H.
Musiani, Marco
Nakamura, Mónia
Neilson, Eric W.
Neufeld, Lalenia M.
Newsome, Thomas M.
Oakleaf, John K.
Palacios, Vicente
Perdicas, Marlo M.
Perry, Thomas
Petroelje, Tyler R.
Piper, Cyrenea B.
Prokopenko, Christina M.
Prugh, Laura R.
Riley, Seth P. D.
Rio‐Maior, Helena
Roffler, Gretchen H.
Rollins, Dale
Sand, Håkan
Schmiegelow, Fiona K. A.
Seip, Dale R.
Sorum, Mathew S.
St. Clair, Colleen C.
Steenweg, Robin
Strohbach, Michael W.
Tatler, Jack
Thompson, Connor A.
Turner, Julie W.
Vanak, Abi T.
Vander Wal, Eric
Wabakken, Petter
Webster, Sarah C.
Wheeldon, Tyler J.
Wikenros, Camilla
Windels, Steve K.
Young, Julie K.
Zabihi‐Seissan, Sana
Zimmermann, Barbara
Patterson, Brent R.
description Animals within social groups respond to costs and benefits of sociality by adjusting the proportion of time they spend in close proximity to other individuals in the group (cohesion). Variation in cohesion between individuals, in turn, shapes important group‐level processes such as subgroup formation and fission–fusion dynamics. Although critical to animal sociality, a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing cohesion remains a gap in our knowledge of cooperative behavior in animals. We tracked 574 individuals from six species within the genus Canis in 15 countries on four continents with GPS telemetry to estimate the time that pairs of individuals within social groups spent in close proximity and test hypotheses regarding drivers of cohesion. Pairs of social canids (Canis spp.) varied widely in the proportion of time they spent together (5%–100%) during seasonal monitoring periods relative to both intrinsic characteristics and environmental conditions. The majority of our data came from three species of wolves (gray wolves, eastern wolves, and red wolves) and coyotes. For these species, cohesion within social groups was greatest between breeding pairs and varied seasonally as the nature of cooperative activities changed relative to annual life history patterns. Across species, wolves were more cohesive than coyotes. For wolves, pairs were less cohesive in larger groups, and when suitable, small prey was present reflecting the constraints of food resources and intragroup competition on social associations. Pair cohesion in wolves declined with increased anthropogenic modification of the landscape and greater climatic variability, underscoring challenges for conserving social top predators in a changing world. We show that pairwise cohesion in social groups varies strongly both within and across Canis species, as individuals respond to changing ecological context defined by resources, competition, and anthropogenic disturbance. Our work highlights that cohesion is a highly plastic component of animal sociality that holds significant promise for elucidating ecological and evolutionary mechanisms underlying cooperative behavior.
doi_str_mv 10.1002/ecy.4492
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Dean ; Cooper, Susan M. ; Crooks, Kevin R. ; Dupont, Daniel L. J. ; Fisher, Robert N. ; Fortin, Daniel ; Gable, Thomas D. ; García, Emilio ; Geffen, Eli ; Gehrt, Stanley D. ; Gillingham, Michael ; Heard, Douglas C. ; Hebblewhite, Mark ; Hinton, Joseph W. ; Homkes, Austin T. ; Howden, Chris G. ; Huber, Djuro ; Jackson, Pat J. ; Joly, Kyle ; Kelly, Allicia ; Kelly, Marcella J. ; Kingdon, Katrien A. ; Kulkarni, Abhijeet ; Kusak, Josip ; Kuzyk, Gerald W. ; Lake, Bryce C. ; Llaneza, Luis ; López‐Bao, José Vicente ; MacNulty, Daniel R. ; McLaren, Ashley A. D. ; McLoughlin, Philip D. ; Merrill, Evelyn H. ; Mills, Kenneth J. ; Mitchell, Numi ; Moore, Seth A. ; Mumma, Matthew A. ; Murray, Maureen H. ; Musiani, Marco ; Nakamura, Mónia ; Neilson, Eric W. ; Neufeld, Lalenia M. ; Newsome, Thomas M. ; Oakleaf, John K. ; Palacios, Vicente ; Perdicas, Marlo M. ; Perry, Thomas ; Petroelje, Tyler R. ; Piper, Cyrenea B. ; Prokopenko, Christina M. ; Prugh, Laura R. ; Riley, Seth P. D. ; Rio‐Maior, Helena ; Roffler, Gretchen H. ; Rollins, Dale ; Sand, Håkan ; Schmiegelow, Fiona K. A. ; Seip, Dale R. ; Sorum, Mathew S. ; St. Clair, Colleen C. ; Steenweg, Robin ; Strohbach, Michael W. ; Tatler, Jack ; Thompson, Connor A. ; Turner, Julie W. ; Vanak, Abi T. ; Vander Wal, Eric ; Wabakken, Petter ; Webster, Sarah C. ; Wheeldon, Tyler J. ; Wikenros, Camilla ; Windels, Steve K. ; Young, Julie K. ; Zabihi‐Seissan, Sana ; Zimmermann, Barbara ; Patterson, Brent R.</creator><creatorcontrib>Benson, John F. ; Keiter, David A. ; Mahoney, Peter J. ; Allen, Benjamin L. ; Allen, Lee ; Álvares, Francisco ; Anderson, Morgan L. ; Barber‐Meyer, Shannon M. ; Barocas, Adi ; Beasley, James C. ; Behrendorff, Linda ; Belant, Jerrold L. ; Beyer, Dean E. ; Boitani, Luigi ; Borg, Bridget L. ; Boutin, Stan ; Boydston, Erin E. ; Brown, Justin L. ; Bump, Joseph K. ; Cepek, Jonathon D. ; Chamberlain, Michael J. ; Chenaux‐Ibrahim, Yvette M. ; Cherry, Seth G. ; Ćirović, Duško ; Ciucci, Paolo ; Cluff, H. Dean ; Cooper, Susan M. ; Crooks, Kevin R. ; Dupont, Daniel L. J. ; Fisher, Robert N. ; Fortin, Daniel ; Gable, Thomas D. ; García, Emilio ; Geffen, Eli ; Gehrt, Stanley D. ; Gillingham, Michael ; Heard, Douglas C. ; Hebblewhite, Mark ; Hinton, Joseph W. ; Homkes, Austin T. ; Howden, Chris G. ; Huber, Djuro ; Jackson, Pat J. ; Joly, Kyle ; Kelly, Allicia ; Kelly, Marcella J. ; Kingdon, Katrien A. ; Kulkarni, Abhijeet ; Kusak, Josip ; Kuzyk, Gerald W. ; Lake, Bryce C. ; Llaneza, Luis ; López‐Bao, José Vicente ; MacNulty, Daniel R. ; McLaren, Ashley A. D. ; McLoughlin, Philip D. ; Merrill, Evelyn H. ; Mills, Kenneth J. ; Mitchell, Numi ; Moore, Seth A. ; Mumma, Matthew A. ; Murray, Maureen H. ; Musiani, Marco ; Nakamura, Mónia ; Neilson, Eric W. ; Neufeld, Lalenia M. ; Newsome, Thomas M. ; Oakleaf, John K. ; Palacios, Vicente ; Perdicas, Marlo M. ; Perry, Thomas ; Petroelje, Tyler R. ; Piper, Cyrenea B. ; Prokopenko, Christina M. ; Prugh, Laura R. ; Riley, Seth P. D. ; Rio‐Maior, Helena ; Roffler, Gretchen H. ; Rollins, Dale ; Sand, Håkan ; Schmiegelow, Fiona K. A. ; Seip, Dale R. ; Sorum, Mathew S. ; St. Clair, Colleen C. ; Steenweg, Robin ; Strohbach, Michael W. ; Tatler, Jack ; Thompson, Connor A. ; Turner, Julie W. ; Vanak, Abi T. ; Vander Wal, Eric ; Wabakken, Petter ; Webster, Sarah C. ; Wheeldon, Tyler J. ; Wikenros, Camilla ; Windels, Steve K. ; Young, Julie K. ; Zabihi‐Seissan, Sana ; Zimmermann, Barbara ; Patterson, Brent R. ; Savannah River Ecology Laboratory (SREL), Aiken, SC (United States)</creatorcontrib><description>Animals within social groups respond to costs and benefits of sociality by adjusting the proportion of time they spend in close proximity to other individuals in the group (cohesion). Variation in cohesion between individuals, in turn, shapes important group‐level processes such as subgroup formation and fission–fusion dynamics. Although critical to animal sociality, a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing cohesion remains a gap in our knowledge of cooperative behavior in animals. We tracked 574 individuals from six species within the genus Canis in 15 countries on four continents with GPS telemetry to estimate the time that pairs of individuals within social groups spent in close proximity and test hypotheses regarding drivers of cohesion. Pairs of social canids (Canis spp.) varied widely in the proportion of time they spent together (5%–100%) during seasonal monitoring periods relative to both intrinsic characteristics and environmental conditions. The majority of our data came from three species of wolves (gray wolves, eastern wolves, and red wolves) and coyotes. For these species, cohesion within social groups was greatest between breeding pairs and varied seasonally as the nature of cooperative activities changed relative to annual life history patterns. Across species, wolves were more cohesive than coyotes. For wolves, pairs were less cohesive in larger groups, and when suitable, small prey was present reflecting the constraints of food resources and intragroup competition on social associations. Pair cohesion in wolves declined with increased anthropogenic modification of the landscape and greater climatic variability, underscoring challenges for conserving social top predators in a changing world. We show that pairwise cohesion in social groups varies strongly both within and across Canis species, as individuals respond to changing ecological context defined by resources, competition, and anthropogenic disturbance. 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A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Seip, Dale R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sorum, Mathew S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>St. Clair, Colleen C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Steenweg, Robin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Strohbach, Michael W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tatler, Jack</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thompson, Connor A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Turner, Julie W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vanak, Abi T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vander Wal, Eric</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wabakken, Petter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Webster, Sarah C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wheeldon, Tyler J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wikenros, Camilla</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Windels, Steve K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Young, Julie K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zabihi‐Seissan, Sana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zimmermann, Barbara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Patterson, Brent R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Savannah River Ecology Laboratory (SREL), Aiken, SC (United States)</creatorcontrib><title>Intrinsic and environmental drivers of pairwise cohesion in wild Canis social groups</title><title>Ecology (Durham)</title><addtitle>Ecology</addtitle><description>Animals within social groups respond to costs and benefits of sociality by adjusting the proportion of time they spend in close proximity to other individuals in the group (cohesion). Variation in cohesion between individuals, in turn, shapes important group‐level processes such as subgroup formation and fission–fusion dynamics. Although critical to animal sociality, a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing cohesion remains a gap in our knowledge of cooperative behavior in animals. We tracked 574 individuals from six species within the genus Canis in 15 countries on four continents with GPS telemetry to estimate the time that pairs of individuals within social groups spent in close proximity and test hypotheses regarding drivers of cohesion. Pairs of social canids (Canis spp.) varied widely in the proportion of time they spent together (5%–100%) during seasonal monitoring periods relative to both intrinsic characteristics and environmental conditions. The majority of our data came from three species of wolves (gray wolves, eastern wolves, and red wolves) and coyotes. For these species, cohesion within social groups was greatest between breeding pairs and varied seasonally as the nature of cooperative activities changed relative to annual life history patterns. Across species, wolves were more cohesive than coyotes. For wolves, pairs were less cohesive in larger groups, and when suitable, small prey was present reflecting the constraints of food resources and intragroup competition on social associations. Pair cohesion in wolves declined with increased anthropogenic modification of the landscape and greater climatic variability, underscoring challenges for conserving social top predators in a changing world. We show that pairwise cohesion in social groups varies strongly both within and across Canis species, as individuals respond to changing ecological context defined by resources, competition, and anthropogenic disturbance. Our work highlights that cohesion is a highly plastic component of animal sociality that holds significant promise for elucidating ecological and evolutionary mechanisms underlying cooperative behavior.</description><subject>Animal behavior</subject><subject>animal sociality</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Anthropogenic factors</subject><subject>Behavior, Animal - physiology</subject><subject>Breeding</subject><subject>Canidae</subject><subject>Canidae - physiology</subject><subject>Canis</subject><subject>Cohesion</subject><subject>cooperative behavior</subject><subject>coyotes</subject><subject>Environmental conditions</subject><subject>Environmental monitoring</subject><subject>Food resources</subject><subject>Global positioning systems</subject><subject>GPS</subject><subject>Group dynamics</subject><subject>group size</subject><subject>human footprint</subject><subject>Landscape preservation</subject><subject>Life history</subject><subject>Population decline</subject><subject>Predators</subject><subject>Social Behavior</subject><subject>Species</subject><subject>Subgroups</subject><subject>Telemetry</subject><subject>Wolves</subject><issn>0012-9658</issn><issn>1939-9170</issn><issn>1939-9170</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2025</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kU1vEzEQhi0EoiEg8QuQBRcuW_y99gmhqIVKlbiUAyfLtWcbVxs72Lup8u_rNqVQJHyZg595POMXobeUHFNC2Cfw-2MhDHuGFtRw0xnak-doQQhlnVFSH6FXtV6TdqjQL9ERN0pxbdgCXZylqcRUo8cuBQxpF0tOG0iTG3EocQel4jzgrYvlJlbAPq-hxpxwTPgmjgGvXIoV1-xj67gqed7W1-jF4MYKbx7qEv04PblYfevOv389W3057zwnmnUs9IYIysPA-SDpYIJyXisue2C9DkCBGGk0U1ICo_5SkV5TRYgIYlA99HyJPh-82_lyA8G3qYsb7bbEjSt7m120T29SXNurvLOU9txoyZvh_cGQ6xRt9XECv_Y5JfCTZZIS0agl-vjwTMm_ZqiT3cTqYRxdgjxXy6lQqsk0a-iHf9DrPJfUPqFRigqmiKR_hL7kWgsMjyNTYu8CtS1QexdoQ9_9veIj-DvBBnQHoIUB-_-K7Mnq573wFtpVqPQ</recordid><startdate>202501</startdate><enddate>202501</enddate><creator>Benson, John F.</creator><creator>Keiter, David A.</creator><creator>Mahoney, Peter J.</creator><creator>Allen, Benjamin L.</creator><creator>Allen, Lee</creator><creator>Álvares, Francisco</creator><creator>Anderson, Morgan L.</creator><creator>Barber‐Meyer, Shannon M.</creator><creator>Barocas, Adi</creator><creator>Beasley, James C.</creator><creator>Behrendorff, Linda</creator><creator>Belant, Jerrold L.</creator><creator>Beyer, Dean E.</creator><creator>Boitani, Luigi</creator><creator>Borg, Bridget L.</creator><creator>Boutin, Stan</creator><creator>Boydston, Erin E.</creator><creator>Brown, Justin L.</creator><creator>Bump, Joseph K.</creator><creator>Cepek, Jonathon D.</creator><creator>Chamberlain, Michael J.</creator><creator>Chenaux‐Ibrahim, Yvette M.</creator><creator>Cherry, Seth G.</creator><creator>Ćirović, Duško</creator><creator>Ciucci, Paolo</creator><creator>Cluff, H. Dean</creator><creator>Cooper, Susan M.</creator><creator>Crooks, Kevin R.</creator><creator>Dupont, Daniel L. 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Dean ; Cooper, Susan M. ; Crooks, Kevin R. ; Dupont, Daniel L. J. ; Fisher, Robert N. ; Fortin, Daniel ; Gable, Thomas D. ; García, Emilio ; Geffen, Eli ; Gehrt, Stanley D. ; Gillingham, Michael ; Heard, Douglas C. ; Hebblewhite, Mark ; Hinton, Joseph W. ; Homkes, Austin T. ; Howden, Chris G. ; Huber, Djuro ; Jackson, Pat J. ; Joly, Kyle ; Kelly, Allicia ; Kelly, Marcella J. ; Kingdon, Katrien A. ; Kulkarni, Abhijeet ; Kusak, Josip ; Kuzyk, Gerald W. ; Lake, Bryce C. ; Llaneza, Luis ; López‐Bao, José Vicente ; MacNulty, Daniel R. ; McLaren, Ashley A. D. ; McLoughlin, Philip D. ; Merrill, Evelyn H. ; Mills, Kenneth J. ; Mitchell, Numi ; Moore, Seth A. ; Mumma, Matthew A. ; Murray, Maureen H. ; Musiani, Marco ; Nakamura, Mónia ; Neilson, Eric W. ; Neufeld, Lalenia M. ; Newsome, Thomas M. ; Oakleaf, John K. ; Palacios, Vicente ; Perdicas, Marlo M. ; Perry, Thomas ; Petroelje, Tyler R. ; Piper, Cyrenea B. ; Prokopenko, Christina M. ; Prugh, Laura R. ; Riley, Seth P. D. ; Rio‐Maior, Helena ; Roffler, Gretchen H. ; Rollins, Dale ; Sand, Håkan ; Schmiegelow, Fiona K. A. ; Seip, Dale R. ; Sorum, Mathew S. ; St. Clair, Colleen C. ; Steenweg, Robin ; Strohbach, Michael W. ; Tatler, Jack ; Thompson, Connor A. ; Turner, Julie W. ; Vanak, Abi T. ; Vander Wal, Eric ; Wabakken, Petter ; Webster, Sarah C. ; Wheeldon, Tyler J. ; Wikenros, Camilla ; Windels, Steve K. ; Young, Julie K. ; Zabihi‐Seissan, Sana ; Zimmermann, Barbara ; Patterson, Brent R.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3082-2d790413df33f51f9d6ac86357e278de1e095982655e21cb607816004d4f67e73</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2025</creationdate><topic>Animal behavior</topic><topic>animal sociality</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Anthropogenic factors</topic><topic>Behavior, Animal - physiology</topic><topic>Breeding</topic><topic>Canidae</topic><topic>Canidae - physiology</topic><topic>Canis</topic><topic>Cohesion</topic><topic>cooperative behavior</topic><topic>coyotes</topic><topic>Environmental conditions</topic><topic>Environmental monitoring</topic><topic>Food resources</topic><topic>Global positioning systems</topic><topic>GPS</topic><topic>Group dynamics</topic><topic>group size</topic><topic>human footprint</topic><topic>Landscape preservation</topic><topic>Life history</topic><topic>Population decline</topic><topic>Predators</topic><topic>Social Behavior</topic><topic>Species</topic><topic>Subgroups</topic><topic>Telemetry</topic><topic>Wolves</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Benson, John F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Keiter, David A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mahoney, Peter J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Allen, Benjamin L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Allen, Lee</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Álvares, Francisco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Anderson, Morgan L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barber‐Meyer, Shannon M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barocas, Adi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Beasley, James C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Behrendorff, Linda</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Belant, Jerrold L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Beyer, Dean E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boitani, Luigi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Borg, Bridget L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boutin, Stan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boydston, Erin E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brown, Justin L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bump, Joseph K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cepek, Jonathon D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chamberlain, Michael J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chenaux‐Ibrahim, Yvette M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cherry, Seth G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ćirović, Duško</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ciucci, Paolo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cluff, H. Dean</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cooper, Susan M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Crooks, Kevin R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dupont, Daniel L. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fisher, Robert N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fortin, Daniel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gable, Thomas D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>García, Emilio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Geffen, Eli</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gehrt, Stanley D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gillingham, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heard, Douglas C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hebblewhite, Mark</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hinton, Joseph W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Homkes, Austin T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Howden, Chris G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huber, Djuro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jackson, Pat J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Joly, Kyle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kelly, Allicia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kelly, Marcella J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kingdon, Katrien A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kulkarni, Abhijeet</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kusak, Josip</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kuzyk, Gerald W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lake, Bryce C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Llaneza, Luis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>López‐Bao, José Vicente</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MacNulty, Daniel R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McLaren, Ashley A. D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McLoughlin, Philip D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Merrill, Evelyn H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mills, Kenneth J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mitchell, Numi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moore, Seth A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mumma, Matthew A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Murray, Maureen H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Musiani, Marco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nakamura, Mónia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Neilson, Eric W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Neufeld, Lalenia M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Newsome, Thomas M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oakleaf, John K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Palacios, Vicente</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Perdicas, Marlo M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Perry, Thomas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Petroelje, Tyler R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Piper, Cyrenea B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Prokopenko, Christina M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Prugh, Laura R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Riley, Seth P. D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rio‐Maior, Helena</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Roffler, Gretchen H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rollins, Dale</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sand, Håkan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schmiegelow, Fiona K. A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Seip, Dale R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sorum, Mathew S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>St. Clair, Colleen C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Steenweg, Robin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Strohbach, Michael W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tatler, Jack</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thompson, Connor A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Turner, Julie W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vanak, Abi T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vander Wal, Eric</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wabakken, Petter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Webster, Sarah C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wheeldon, Tyler J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wikenros, Camilla</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Windels, Steve K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Young, Julie K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zabihi‐Seissan, Sana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zimmermann, Barbara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Patterson, Brent R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Savannah River Ecology Laboratory (SREL), Aiken, SC (United States)</creatorcontrib><collection>Wiley-Blackwell Open Access Collection</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Health &amp; Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV - Hybrid</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Ecology (Durham)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Benson, John F.</au><au>Keiter, David A.</au><au>Mahoney, Peter J.</au><au>Allen, Benjamin L.</au><au>Allen, Lee</au><au>Álvares, Francisco</au><au>Anderson, Morgan L.</au><au>Barber‐Meyer, Shannon M.</au><au>Barocas, Adi</au><au>Beasley, James C.</au><au>Behrendorff, Linda</au><au>Belant, Jerrold L.</au><au>Beyer, Dean E.</au><au>Boitani, Luigi</au><au>Borg, Bridget L.</au><au>Boutin, Stan</au><au>Boydston, Erin E.</au><au>Brown, Justin L.</au><au>Bump, Joseph K.</au><au>Cepek, Jonathon D.</au><au>Chamberlain, Michael J.</au><au>Chenaux‐Ibrahim, Yvette M.</au><au>Cherry, Seth G.</au><au>Ćirović, Duško</au><au>Ciucci, Paolo</au><au>Cluff, H. Dean</au><au>Cooper, Susan M.</au><au>Crooks, Kevin R.</au><au>Dupont, Daniel L. J.</au><au>Fisher, Robert N.</au><au>Fortin, Daniel</au><au>Gable, Thomas D.</au><au>García, Emilio</au><au>Geffen, Eli</au><au>Gehrt, Stanley D.</au><au>Gillingham, Michael</au><au>Heard, Douglas C.</au><au>Hebblewhite, Mark</au><au>Hinton, Joseph W.</au><au>Homkes, Austin T.</au><au>Howden, Chris G.</au><au>Huber, Djuro</au><au>Jackson, Pat J.</au><au>Joly, Kyle</au><au>Kelly, Allicia</au><au>Kelly, Marcella J.</au><au>Kingdon, Katrien A.</au><au>Kulkarni, Abhijeet</au><au>Kusak, Josip</au><au>Kuzyk, Gerald W.</au><au>Lake, Bryce C.</au><au>Llaneza, Luis</au><au>López‐Bao, José Vicente</au><au>MacNulty, Daniel R.</au><au>McLaren, Ashley A. D.</au><au>McLoughlin, Philip D.</au><au>Merrill, Evelyn H.</au><au>Mills, Kenneth J.</au><au>Mitchell, Numi</au><au>Moore, Seth A.</au><au>Mumma, Matthew A.</au><au>Murray, Maureen H.</au><au>Musiani, Marco</au><au>Nakamura, Mónia</au><au>Neilson, Eric W.</au><au>Neufeld, Lalenia M.</au><au>Newsome, Thomas M.</au><au>Oakleaf, John K.</au><au>Palacios, Vicente</au><au>Perdicas, Marlo M.</au><au>Perry, Thomas</au><au>Petroelje, Tyler R.</au><au>Piper, Cyrenea B.</au><au>Prokopenko, Christina M.</au><au>Prugh, Laura R.</au><au>Riley, Seth P. D.</au><au>Rio‐Maior, Helena</au><au>Roffler, Gretchen H.</au><au>Rollins, Dale</au><au>Sand, Håkan</au><au>Schmiegelow, Fiona K. A.</au><au>Seip, Dale R.</au><au>Sorum, Mathew S.</au><au>St. Clair, Colleen C.</au><au>Steenweg, Robin</au><au>Strohbach, Michael W.</au><au>Tatler, Jack</au><au>Thompson, Connor A.</au><au>Turner, Julie W.</au><au>Vanak, Abi T.</au><au>Vander Wal, Eric</au><au>Wabakken, Petter</au><au>Webster, Sarah C.</au><au>Wheeldon, Tyler J.</au><au>Wikenros, Camilla</au><au>Windels, Steve K.</au><au>Young, Julie K.</au><au>Zabihi‐Seissan, Sana</au><au>Zimmermann, Barbara</au><au>Patterson, Brent R.</au><aucorp>Savannah River Ecology Laboratory (SREL), Aiken, SC (United States)</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Intrinsic and environmental drivers of pairwise cohesion in wild Canis social groups</atitle><jtitle>Ecology (Durham)</jtitle><addtitle>Ecology</addtitle><date>2025-01</date><risdate>2025</risdate><volume>106</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>e4492</spage><epage>n/a</epage><pages>e4492-n/a</pages><issn>0012-9658</issn><issn>1939-9170</issn><eissn>1939-9170</eissn><abstract>Animals within social groups respond to costs and benefits of sociality by adjusting the proportion of time they spend in close proximity to other individuals in the group (cohesion). Variation in cohesion between individuals, in turn, shapes important group‐level processes such as subgroup formation and fission–fusion dynamics. Although critical to animal sociality, a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing cohesion remains a gap in our knowledge of cooperative behavior in animals. We tracked 574 individuals from six species within the genus Canis in 15 countries on four continents with GPS telemetry to estimate the time that pairs of individuals within social groups spent in close proximity and test hypotheses regarding drivers of cohesion. Pairs of social canids (Canis spp.) varied widely in the proportion of time they spent together (5%–100%) during seasonal monitoring periods relative to both intrinsic characteristics and environmental conditions. The majority of our data came from three species of wolves (gray wolves, eastern wolves, and red wolves) and coyotes. For these species, cohesion within social groups was greatest between breeding pairs and varied seasonally as the nature of cooperative activities changed relative to annual life history patterns. Across species, wolves were more cohesive than coyotes. For wolves, pairs were less cohesive in larger groups, and when suitable, small prey was present reflecting the constraints of food resources and intragroup competition on social associations. Pair cohesion in wolves declined with increased anthropogenic modification of the landscape and greater climatic variability, underscoring challenges for conserving social top predators in a changing world. We show that pairwise cohesion in social groups varies strongly both within and across Canis species, as individuals respond to changing ecological context defined by resources, competition, and anthropogenic disturbance. 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fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 0012-9658
ispartof Ecology (Durham), 2025-01, Vol.106 (1), p.e4492-n/a
issn 0012-9658
1939-9170
1939-9170
language eng
recordid cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_11739853
source Wiley-Blackwell Read & Publish Collection
subjects Animal behavior
animal sociality
Animals
Anthropogenic factors
Behavior, Animal - physiology
Breeding
Canidae
Canidae - physiology
Canis
Cohesion
cooperative behavior
coyotes
Environmental conditions
Environmental monitoring
Food resources
Global positioning systems
GPS
Group dynamics
group size
human footprint
Landscape preservation
Life history
Population decline
Predators
Social Behavior
Species
Subgroups
Telemetry
Wolves
title Intrinsic and environmental drivers of pairwise cohesion in wild Canis social groups
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