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Intrinsic and environmental drivers of pairwise cohesion in wild Canis social groups
Animals within social groups respond to costs and benefits of sociality by adjusting the proportion of time they spend in close proximity to other individuals in the group (cohesion). Variation in cohesion between individuals, in turn, shapes important group‐level processes such as subgroup formatio...
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Published in: | Ecology (Durham) 2025-01, Vol.106 (1), p.e4492-n/a |
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creator | Benson, John F. Keiter, David A. Mahoney, Peter J. Allen, Benjamin L. Allen, Lee Álvares, Francisco Anderson, Morgan L. Barber‐Meyer, Shannon M. Barocas, Adi Beasley, James C. Behrendorff, Linda Belant, Jerrold L. Beyer, Dean E. Boitani, Luigi Borg, Bridget L. Boutin, Stan Boydston, Erin E. Brown, Justin L. Bump, Joseph K. Cepek, Jonathon D. Chamberlain, Michael J. Chenaux‐Ibrahim, Yvette M. Cherry, Seth G. Ćirović, Duško Ciucci, Paolo Cluff, H. Dean Cooper, Susan M. Crooks, Kevin R. Dupont, Daniel L. J. Fisher, Robert N. Fortin, Daniel Gable, Thomas D. García, Emilio Geffen, Eli Gehrt, Stanley D. Gillingham, Michael Heard, Douglas C. Hebblewhite, Mark Hinton, Joseph W. Homkes, Austin T. Howden, Chris G. Huber, Djuro Jackson, Pat J. Joly, Kyle Kelly, Allicia Kelly, Marcella J. Kingdon, Katrien A. Kulkarni, Abhijeet Kusak, Josip Kuzyk, Gerald W. Lake, Bryce C. Llaneza, Luis López‐Bao, José Vicente MacNulty, Daniel R. McLaren, Ashley A. D. McLoughlin, Philip D. Merrill, Evelyn H. Mills, Kenneth J. Mitchell, Numi Moore, Seth A. Mumma, Matthew A. Murray, Maureen H. Musiani, Marco Nakamura, Mónia Neilson, Eric W. Neufeld, Lalenia M. Newsome, Thomas M. Oakleaf, John K. Palacios, Vicente Perdicas, Marlo M. Perry, Thomas Petroelje, Tyler R. Piper, Cyrenea B. Prokopenko, Christina M. Prugh, Laura R. Riley, Seth P. D. Rio‐Maior, Helena Roffler, Gretchen H. Rollins, Dale Sand, Håkan Schmiegelow, Fiona K. A. Seip, Dale R. Sorum, Mathew S. St. Clair, Colleen C. Steenweg, Robin Strohbach, Michael W. Tatler, Jack Thompson, Connor A. Turner, Julie W. Vanak, Abi T. Vander Wal, Eric Wabakken, Petter Webster, Sarah C. Wheeldon, Tyler J. Wikenros, Camilla Windels, Steve K. Young, Julie K. Zabihi‐Seissan, Sana Zimmermann, Barbara Patterson, Brent R. |
description | Animals within social groups respond to costs and benefits of sociality by adjusting the proportion of time they spend in close proximity to other individuals in the group (cohesion). Variation in cohesion between individuals, in turn, shapes important group‐level processes such as subgroup formation and fission–fusion dynamics. Although critical to animal sociality, a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing cohesion remains a gap in our knowledge of cooperative behavior in animals. We tracked 574 individuals from six species within the genus Canis in 15 countries on four continents with GPS telemetry to estimate the time that pairs of individuals within social groups spent in close proximity and test hypotheses regarding drivers of cohesion. Pairs of social canids (Canis spp.) varied widely in the proportion of time they spent together (5%–100%) during seasonal monitoring periods relative to both intrinsic characteristics and environmental conditions. The majority of our data came from three species of wolves (gray wolves, eastern wolves, and red wolves) and coyotes. For these species, cohesion within social groups was greatest between breeding pairs and varied seasonally as the nature of cooperative activities changed relative to annual life history patterns. Across species, wolves were more cohesive than coyotes. For wolves, pairs were less cohesive in larger groups, and when suitable, small prey was present reflecting the constraints of food resources and intragroup competition on social associations. Pair cohesion in wolves declined with increased anthropogenic modification of the landscape and greater climatic variability, underscoring challenges for conserving social top predators in a changing world. We show that pairwise cohesion in social groups varies strongly both within and across Canis species, as individuals respond to changing ecological context defined by resources, competition, and anthropogenic disturbance. Our work highlights that cohesion is a highly plastic component of animal sociality that holds significant promise for elucidating ecological and evolutionary mechanisms underlying cooperative behavior. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1002/ecy.4492 |
format | article |
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Dean ; Cooper, Susan M. ; Crooks, Kevin R. ; Dupont, Daniel L. J. ; Fisher, Robert N. ; Fortin, Daniel ; Gable, Thomas D. ; García, Emilio ; Geffen, Eli ; Gehrt, Stanley D. ; Gillingham, Michael ; Heard, Douglas C. ; Hebblewhite, Mark ; Hinton, Joseph W. ; Homkes, Austin T. ; Howden, Chris G. ; Huber, Djuro ; Jackson, Pat J. ; Joly, Kyle ; Kelly, Allicia ; Kelly, Marcella J. ; Kingdon, Katrien A. ; Kulkarni, Abhijeet ; Kusak, Josip ; Kuzyk, Gerald W. ; Lake, Bryce C. ; Llaneza, Luis ; López‐Bao, José Vicente ; MacNulty, Daniel R. ; McLaren, Ashley A. D. ; McLoughlin, Philip D. ; Merrill, Evelyn H. ; Mills, Kenneth J. ; Mitchell, Numi ; Moore, Seth A. ; Mumma, Matthew A. ; Murray, Maureen H. ; Musiani, Marco ; Nakamura, Mónia ; Neilson, Eric W. ; Neufeld, Lalenia M. ; Newsome, Thomas M. ; Oakleaf, John K. ; Palacios, Vicente ; Perdicas, Marlo M. ; Perry, Thomas ; Petroelje, Tyler R. ; Piper, Cyrenea B. ; Prokopenko, Christina M. ; Prugh, Laura R. ; Riley, Seth P. D. ; Rio‐Maior, Helena ; Roffler, Gretchen H. ; Rollins, Dale ; Sand, Håkan ; Schmiegelow, Fiona K. A. ; Seip, Dale R. ; Sorum, Mathew S. ; St. Clair, Colleen C. ; Steenweg, Robin ; Strohbach, Michael W. ; Tatler, Jack ; Thompson, Connor A. ; Turner, Julie W. ; Vanak, Abi T. ; Vander Wal, Eric ; Wabakken, Petter ; Webster, Sarah C. ; Wheeldon, Tyler J. ; Wikenros, Camilla ; Windels, Steve K. ; Young, Julie K. ; Zabihi‐Seissan, Sana ; Zimmermann, Barbara ; Patterson, Brent R.</creator><creatorcontrib>Benson, John F. ; Keiter, David A. ; Mahoney, Peter J. ; Allen, Benjamin L. ; Allen, Lee ; Álvares, Francisco ; Anderson, Morgan L. ; Barber‐Meyer, Shannon M. ; Barocas, Adi ; Beasley, James C. ; Behrendorff, Linda ; Belant, Jerrold L. ; Beyer, Dean E. ; Boitani, Luigi ; Borg, Bridget L. ; Boutin, Stan ; Boydston, Erin E. ; Brown, Justin L. ; Bump, Joseph K. ; Cepek, Jonathon D. ; Chamberlain, Michael J. ; Chenaux‐Ibrahim, Yvette M. ; Cherry, Seth G. ; Ćirović, Duško ; Ciucci, Paolo ; Cluff, H. Dean ; Cooper, Susan M. ; Crooks, Kevin R. ; Dupont, Daniel L. J. ; Fisher, Robert N. ; Fortin, Daniel ; Gable, Thomas D. ; García, Emilio ; Geffen, Eli ; Gehrt, Stanley D. ; Gillingham, Michael ; Heard, Douglas C. ; Hebblewhite, Mark ; Hinton, Joseph W. ; Homkes, Austin T. ; Howden, Chris G. ; Huber, Djuro ; Jackson, Pat J. ; Joly, Kyle ; Kelly, Allicia ; Kelly, Marcella J. ; Kingdon, Katrien A. ; Kulkarni, Abhijeet ; Kusak, Josip ; Kuzyk, Gerald W. ; Lake, Bryce C. ; Llaneza, Luis ; López‐Bao, José Vicente ; MacNulty, Daniel R. ; McLaren, Ashley A. D. ; McLoughlin, Philip D. ; Merrill, Evelyn H. ; Mills, Kenneth J. ; Mitchell, Numi ; Moore, Seth A. ; Mumma, Matthew A. ; Murray, Maureen H. ; Musiani, Marco ; Nakamura, Mónia ; Neilson, Eric W. ; Neufeld, Lalenia M. ; Newsome, Thomas M. ; Oakleaf, John K. ; Palacios, Vicente ; Perdicas, Marlo M. ; Perry, Thomas ; Petroelje, Tyler R. ; Piper, Cyrenea B. ; Prokopenko, Christina M. ; Prugh, Laura R. ; Riley, Seth P. D. ; Rio‐Maior, Helena ; Roffler, Gretchen H. ; Rollins, Dale ; Sand, Håkan ; Schmiegelow, Fiona K. A. ; Seip, Dale R. ; Sorum, Mathew S. ; St. Clair, Colleen C. ; Steenweg, Robin ; Strohbach, Michael W. ; Tatler, Jack ; Thompson, Connor A. ; Turner, Julie W. ; Vanak, Abi T. ; Vander Wal, Eric ; Wabakken, Petter ; Webster, Sarah C. ; Wheeldon, Tyler J. ; Wikenros, Camilla ; Windels, Steve K. ; Young, Julie K. ; Zabihi‐Seissan, Sana ; Zimmermann, Barbara ; Patterson, Brent R. ; Savannah River Ecology Laboratory (SREL), Aiken, SC (United States)</creatorcontrib><description>Animals within social groups respond to costs and benefits of sociality by adjusting the proportion of time they spend in close proximity to other individuals in the group (cohesion). Variation in cohesion between individuals, in turn, shapes important group‐level processes such as subgroup formation and fission–fusion dynamics. Although critical to animal sociality, a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing cohesion remains a gap in our knowledge of cooperative behavior in animals. We tracked 574 individuals from six species within the genus Canis in 15 countries on four continents with GPS telemetry to estimate the time that pairs of individuals within social groups spent in close proximity and test hypotheses regarding drivers of cohesion. Pairs of social canids (Canis spp.) varied widely in the proportion of time they spent together (5%–100%) during seasonal monitoring periods relative to both intrinsic characteristics and environmental conditions. The majority of our data came from three species of wolves (gray wolves, eastern wolves, and red wolves) and coyotes. For these species, cohesion within social groups was greatest between breeding pairs and varied seasonally as the nature of cooperative activities changed relative to annual life history patterns. Across species, wolves were more cohesive than coyotes. For wolves, pairs were less cohesive in larger groups, and when suitable, small prey was present reflecting the constraints of food resources and intragroup competition on social associations. Pair cohesion in wolves declined with increased anthropogenic modification of the landscape and greater climatic variability, underscoring challenges for conserving social top predators in a changing world. We show that pairwise cohesion in social groups varies strongly both within and across Canis species, as individuals respond to changing ecological context defined by resources, competition, and anthropogenic disturbance. Our work highlights that cohesion is a highly plastic component of animal sociality that holds significant promise for elucidating ecological and evolutionary mechanisms underlying cooperative behavior.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0012-9658</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1939-9170</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1939-9170</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4492</identifier><identifier>PMID: 39663892</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Hoboken, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc</publisher><subject>Animal behavior ; animal sociality ; Animals ; Anthropogenic factors ; Behavior, Animal - physiology ; Breeding ; Canidae ; Canidae - physiology ; Canis ; Cohesion ; cooperative behavior ; coyotes ; Environmental conditions ; Environmental monitoring ; Food resources ; Global positioning systems ; GPS ; Group dynamics ; group size ; human footprint ; Landscape preservation ; Life history ; Population decline ; Predators ; Social Behavior ; Species ; Subgroups ; Telemetry ; Wolves</subject><ispartof>Ecology (Durham), 2025-01, Vol.106 (1), p.e4492-n/a</ispartof><rights>2024 The Author(s). published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Ecological Society of America.</rights><rights>2024 The Author(s). Ecology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Ecological Society of America.</rights><rights>2024. This article is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (the “License”). 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D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rio‐Maior, Helena</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Roffler, Gretchen H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rollins, Dale</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sand, Håkan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schmiegelow, Fiona K. A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Seip, Dale R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sorum, Mathew S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>St. Clair, Colleen C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Steenweg, Robin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Strohbach, Michael W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tatler, Jack</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thompson, Connor A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Turner, Julie W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vanak, Abi T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vander Wal, Eric</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wabakken, Petter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Webster, Sarah C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wheeldon, Tyler J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wikenros, Camilla</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Windels, Steve K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Young, Julie K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zabihi‐Seissan, Sana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zimmermann, Barbara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Patterson, Brent R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Savannah River Ecology Laboratory (SREL), Aiken, SC (United States)</creatorcontrib><title>Intrinsic and environmental drivers of pairwise cohesion in wild Canis social groups</title><title>Ecology (Durham)</title><addtitle>Ecology</addtitle><description>Animals within social groups respond to costs and benefits of sociality by adjusting the proportion of time they spend in close proximity to other individuals in the group (cohesion). Variation in cohesion between individuals, in turn, shapes important group‐level processes such as subgroup formation and fission–fusion dynamics. Although critical to animal sociality, a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing cohesion remains a gap in our knowledge of cooperative behavior in animals. We tracked 574 individuals from six species within the genus Canis in 15 countries on four continents with GPS telemetry to estimate the time that pairs of individuals within social groups spent in close proximity and test hypotheses regarding drivers of cohesion. Pairs of social canids (Canis spp.) varied widely in the proportion of time they spent together (5%–100%) during seasonal monitoring periods relative to both intrinsic characteristics and environmental conditions. The majority of our data came from three species of wolves (gray wolves, eastern wolves, and red wolves) and coyotes. For these species, cohesion within social groups was greatest between breeding pairs and varied seasonally as the nature of cooperative activities changed relative to annual life history patterns. Across species, wolves were more cohesive than coyotes. For wolves, pairs were less cohesive in larger groups, and when suitable, small prey was present reflecting the constraints of food resources and intragroup competition on social associations. Pair cohesion in wolves declined with increased anthropogenic modification of the landscape and greater climatic variability, underscoring challenges for conserving social top predators in a changing world. We show that pairwise cohesion in social groups varies strongly both within and across Canis species, as individuals respond to changing ecological context defined by resources, competition, and anthropogenic disturbance. Our work highlights that cohesion is a highly plastic component of animal sociality that holds significant promise for elucidating ecological and evolutionary mechanisms underlying cooperative behavior.</description><subject>Animal behavior</subject><subject>animal sociality</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Anthropogenic factors</subject><subject>Behavior, Animal - physiology</subject><subject>Breeding</subject><subject>Canidae</subject><subject>Canidae - physiology</subject><subject>Canis</subject><subject>Cohesion</subject><subject>cooperative behavior</subject><subject>coyotes</subject><subject>Environmental conditions</subject><subject>Environmental monitoring</subject><subject>Food resources</subject><subject>Global positioning systems</subject><subject>GPS</subject><subject>Group dynamics</subject><subject>group size</subject><subject>human footprint</subject><subject>Landscape preservation</subject><subject>Life history</subject><subject>Population decline</subject><subject>Predators</subject><subject>Social Behavior</subject><subject>Species</subject><subject>Subgroups</subject><subject>Telemetry</subject><subject>Wolves</subject><issn>0012-9658</issn><issn>1939-9170</issn><issn>1939-9170</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2025</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kU1vEzEQhi0EoiEg8QuQBRcuW_y99gmhqIVKlbiUAyfLtWcbVxs72Lup8u_rNqVQJHyZg595POMXobeUHFNC2Cfw-2MhDHuGFtRw0xnak-doQQhlnVFSH6FXtV6TdqjQL9ERN0pxbdgCXZylqcRUo8cuBQxpF0tOG0iTG3EocQel4jzgrYvlJlbAPq-hxpxwTPgmjgGvXIoV1-xj67gqed7W1-jF4MYKbx7qEv04PblYfevOv389W3057zwnmnUs9IYIysPA-SDpYIJyXisue2C9DkCBGGk0U1ICo_5SkV5TRYgIYlA99HyJPh-82_lyA8G3qYsb7bbEjSt7m120T29SXNurvLOU9txoyZvh_cGQ6xRt9XECv_Y5JfCTZZIS0agl-vjwTMm_ZqiT3cTqYRxdgjxXy6lQqsk0a-iHf9DrPJfUPqFRigqmiKR_hL7kWgsMjyNTYu8CtS1QexdoQ9_9veIj-DvBBnQHoIUB-_-K7Mnq573wFtpVqPQ</recordid><startdate>202501</startdate><enddate>202501</enddate><creator>Benson, John F.</creator><creator>Keiter, David A.</creator><creator>Mahoney, Peter J.</creator><creator>Allen, Benjamin L.</creator><creator>Allen, Lee</creator><creator>Álvares, Francisco</creator><creator>Anderson, Morgan L.</creator><creator>Barber‐Meyer, Shannon M.</creator><creator>Barocas, Adi</creator><creator>Beasley, James C.</creator><creator>Behrendorff, Linda</creator><creator>Belant, Jerrold L.</creator><creator>Beyer, Dean E.</creator><creator>Boitani, Luigi</creator><creator>Borg, Bridget L.</creator><creator>Boutin, Stan</creator><creator>Boydston, Erin E.</creator><creator>Brown, Justin L.</creator><creator>Bump, Joseph K.</creator><creator>Cepek, Jonathon D.</creator><creator>Chamberlain, Michael J.</creator><creator>Chenaux‐Ibrahim, Yvette M.</creator><creator>Cherry, Seth G.</creator><creator>Ćirović, Duško</creator><creator>Ciucci, Paolo</creator><creator>Cluff, H. Dean</creator><creator>Cooper, Susan M.</creator><creator>Crooks, Kevin R.</creator><creator>Dupont, Daniel L. J.</creator><creator>Fisher, Robert N.</creator><creator>Fortin, Daniel</creator><creator>Gable, Thomas D.</creator><creator>García, Emilio</creator><creator>Geffen, Eli</creator><creator>Gehrt, Stanley D.</creator><creator>Gillingham, Michael</creator><creator>Heard, Douglas C.</creator><creator>Hebblewhite, Mark</creator><creator>Hinton, Joseph W.</creator><creator>Homkes, Austin T.</creator><creator>Howden, Chris G.</creator><creator>Huber, Djuro</creator><creator>Jackson, Pat J.</creator><creator>Joly, Kyle</creator><creator>Kelly, Allicia</creator><creator>Kelly, Marcella J.</creator><creator>Kingdon, Katrien A.</creator><creator>Kulkarni, Abhijeet</creator><creator>Kusak, Josip</creator><creator>Kuzyk, Gerald W.</creator><creator>Lake, Bryce C.</creator><creator>Llaneza, Luis</creator><creator>López‐Bao, José Vicente</creator><creator>MacNulty, Daniel R.</creator><creator>McLaren, Ashley A. D.</creator><creator>McLoughlin, Philip D.</creator><creator>Merrill, Evelyn H.</creator><creator>Mills, Kenneth J.</creator><creator>Mitchell, Numi</creator><creator>Moore, Seth A.</creator><creator>Mumma, Matthew A.</creator><creator>Murray, Maureen H.</creator><creator>Musiani, Marco</creator><creator>Nakamura, Mónia</creator><creator>Neilson, Eric W.</creator><creator>Neufeld, Lalenia M.</creator><creator>Newsome, Thomas M.</creator><creator>Oakleaf, John K.</creator><creator>Palacios, Vicente</creator><creator>Perdicas, Marlo M.</creator><creator>Perry, Thomas</creator><creator>Petroelje, Tyler R.</creator><creator>Piper, Cyrenea B.</creator><creator>Prokopenko, Christina M.</creator><creator>Prugh, Laura R.</creator><creator>Riley, Seth P. D.</creator><creator>Rio‐Maior, Helena</creator><creator>Roffler, Gretchen H.</creator><creator>Rollins, Dale</creator><creator>Sand, Håkan</creator><creator>Schmiegelow, Fiona K. 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Dean ; Cooper, Susan M. ; Crooks, Kevin R. ; Dupont, Daniel L. J. ; Fisher, Robert N. ; Fortin, Daniel ; Gable, Thomas D. ; García, Emilio ; Geffen, Eli ; Gehrt, Stanley D. ; Gillingham, Michael ; Heard, Douglas C. ; Hebblewhite, Mark ; Hinton, Joseph W. ; Homkes, Austin T. ; Howden, Chris G. ; Huber, Djuro ; Jackson, Pat J. ; Joly, Kyle ; Kelly, Allicia ; Kelly, Marcella J. ; Kingdon, Katrien A. ; Kulkarni, Abhijeet ; Kusak, Josip ; Kuzyk, Gerald W. ; Lake, Bryce C. ; Llaneza, Luis ; López‐Bao, José Vicente ; MacNulty, Daniel R. ; McLaren, Ashley A. D. ; McLoughlin, Philip D. ; Merrill, Evelyn H. ; Mills, Kenneth J. ; Mitchell, Numi ; Moore, Seth A. ; Mumma, Matthew A. ; Murray, Maureen H. ; Musiani, Marco ; Nakamura, Mónia ; Neilson, Eric W. ; Neufeld, Lalenia M. ; Newsome, Thomas M. ; Oakleaf, John K. ; Palacios, Vicente ; Perdicas, Marlo M. ; Perry, Thomas ; Petroelje, Tyler R. ; Piper, Cyrenea B. ; Prokopenko, Christina M. ; Prugh, Laura R. ; Riley, Seth P. D. ; Rio‐Maior, Helena ; Roffler, Gretchen H. ; Rollins, Dale ; Sand, Håkan ; Schmiegelow, Fiona K. A. ; Seip, Dale R. ; Sorum, Mathew S. ; St. Clair, Colleen C. ; Steenweg, Robin ; Strohbach, Michael W. ; Tatler, Jack ; Thompson, Connor A. ; Turner, Julie W. ; Vanak, Abi T. ; Vander Wal, Eric ; Wabakken, Petter ; Webster, Sarah C. ; Wheeldon, Tyler J. ; Wikenros, Camilla ; Windels, Steve K. ; Young, Julie K. ; Zabihi‐Seissan, Sana ; Zimmermann, Barbara ; Patterson, Brent R.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3082-2d790413df33f51f9d6ac86357e278de1e095982655e21cb607816004d4f67e73</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2025</creationdate><topic>Animal behavior</topic><topic>animal sociality</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Anthropogenic factors</topic><topic>Behavior, Animal - physiology</topic><topic>Breeding</topic><topic>Canidae</topic><topic>Canidae - physiology</topic><topic>Canis</topic><topic>Cohesion</topic><topic>cooperative behavior</topic><topic>coyotes</topic><topic>Environmental conditions</topic><topic>Environmental monitoring</topic><topic>Food resources</topic><topic>Global positioning systems</topic><topic>GPS</topic><topic>Group dynamics</topic><topic>group size</topic><topic>human footprint</topic><topic>Landscape preservation</topic><topic>Life history</topic><topic>Population decline</topic><topic>Predators</topic><topic>Social Behavior</topic><topic>Species</topic><topic>Subgroups</topic><topic>Telemetry</topic><topic>Wolves</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Benson, John F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Keiter, David A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mahoney, Peter J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Allen, Benjamin L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Allen, Lee</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Álvares, Francisco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Anderson, Morgan L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barber‐Meyer, Shannon M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barocas, Adi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Beasley, James C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Behrendorff, Linda</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Belant, Jerrold L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Beyer, Dean E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boitani, Luigi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Borg, Bridget L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boutin, Stan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boydston, Erin E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brown, Justin L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bump, Joseph K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cepek, Jonathon D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chamberlain, Michael J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chenaux‐Ibrahim, Yvette M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cherry, Seth G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ćirović, Duško</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ciucci, Paolo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cluff, H. Dean</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cooper, Susan M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Crooks, Kevin R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dupont, Daniel L. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fisher, Robert N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fortin, Daniel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gable, Thomas D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>García, Emilio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Geffen, Eli</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gehrt, Stanley D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gillingham, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heard, Douglas C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hebblewhite, Mark</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hinton, Joseph W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Homkes, Austin T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Howden, Chris G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huber, Djuro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jackson, Pat J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Joly, Kyle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kelly, Allicia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kelly, Marcella J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kingdon, Katrien A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kulkarni, Abhijeet</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kusak, Josip</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kuzyk, Gerald W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lake, Bryce C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Llaneza, Luis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>López‐Bao, José Vicente</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MacNulty, Daniel R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McLaren, Ashley A. D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McLoughlin, Philip D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Merrill, Evelyn H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mills, Kenneth J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mitchell, Numi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moore, Seth A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mumma, Matthew A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Murray, Maureen H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Musiani, Marco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nakamura, Mónia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Neilson, Eric W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Neufeld, Lalenia M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Newsome, Thomas M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oakleaf, John K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Palacios, Vicente</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Perdicas, Marlo M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Perry, Thomas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Petroelje, Tyler R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Piper, Cyrenea B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Prokopenko, Christina M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Prugh, Laura R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Riley, Seth P. D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rio‐Maior, Helena</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Roffler, Gretchen H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rollins, Dale</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sand, Håkan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schmiegelow, Fiona K. A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Seip, Dale R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sorum, Mathew S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>St. Clair, Colleen C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Steenweg, Robin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Strohbach, Michael W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tatler, Jack</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thompson, Connor A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Turner, Julie W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vanak, Abi T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vander Wal, Eric</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wabakken, Petter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Webster, Sarah C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wheeldon, Tyler J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wikenros, Camilla</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Windels, Steve K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Young, Julie K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zabihi‐Seissan, Sana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zimmermann, Barbara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Patterson, Brent R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Savannah River Ecology Laboratory (SREL), Aiken, SC (United States)</creatorcontrib><collection>Wiley-Blackwell Open Access Collection</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV - Hybrid</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Ecology (Durham)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Benson, John F.</au><au>Keiter, David A.</au><au>Mahoney, Peter J.</au><au>Allen, Benjamin L.</au><au>Allen, Lee</au><au>Álvares, Francisco</au><au>Anderson, Morgan L.</au><au>Barber‐Meyer, Shannon M.</au><au>Barocas, Adi</au><au>Beasley, James C.</au><au>Behrendorff, Linda</au><au>Belant, Jerrold L.</au><au>Beyer, Dean E.</au><au>Boitani, Luigi</au><au>Borg, Bridget L.</au><au>Boutin, Stan</au><au>Boydston, Erin E.</au><au>Brown, Justin L.</au><au>Bump, Joseph K.</au><au>Cepek, Jonathon D.</au><au>Chamberlain, Michael J.</au><au>Chenaux‐Ibrahim, Yvette M.</au><au>Cherry, Seth G.</au><au>Ćirović, Duško</au><au>Ciucci, Paolo</au><au>Cluff, H. Dean</au><au>Cooper, Susan M.</au><au>Crooks, Kevin R.</au><au>Dupont, Daniel L. J.</au><au>Fisher, Robert N.</au><au>Fortin, Daniel</au><au>Gable, Thomas D.</au><au>García, Emilio</au><au>Geffen, Eli</au><au>Gehrt, Stanley D.</au><au>Gillingham, Michael</au><au>Heard, Douglas C.</au><au>Hebblewhite, Mark</au><au>Hinton, Joseph W.</au><au>Homkes, Austin T.</au><au>Howden, Chris G.</au><au>Huber, Djuro</au><au>Jackson, Pat J.</au><au>Joly, Kyle</au><au>Kelly, Allicia</au><au>Kelly, Marcella J.</au><au>Kingdon, Katrien A.</au><au>Kulkarni, Abhijeet</au><au>Kusak, Josip</au><au>Kuzyk, Gerald W.</au><au>Lake, Bryce C.</au><au>Llaneza, Luis</au><au>López‐Bao, José Vicente</au><au>MacNulty, Daniel R.</au><au>McLaren, Ashley A. D.</au><au>McLoughlin, Philip D.</au><au>Merrill, Evelyn H.</au><au>Mills, Kenneth J.</au><au>Mitchell, Numi</au><au>Moore, Seth A.</au><au>Mumma, Matthew A.</au><au>Murray, Maureen H.</au><au>Musiani, Marco</au><au>Nakamura, Mónia</au><au>Neilson, Eric W.</au><au>Neufeld, Lalenia M.</au><au>Newsome, Thomas M.</au><au>Oakleaf, John K.</au><au>Palacios, Vicente</au><au>Perdicas, Marlo M.</au><au>Perry, Thomas</au><au>Petroelje, Tyler R.</au><au>Piper, Cyrenea B.</au><au>Prokopenko, Christina M.</au><au>Prugh, Laura R.</au><au>Riley, Seth P. D.</au><au>Rio‐Maior, Helena</au><au>Roffler, Gretchen H.</au><au>Rollins, Dale</au><au>Sand, Håkan</au><au>Schmiegelow, Fiona K. A.</au><au>Seip, Dale R.</au><au>Sorum, Mathew S.</au><au>St. Clair, Colleen C.</au><au>Steenweg, Robin</au><au>Strohbach, Michael W.</au><au>Tatler, Jack</au><au>Thompson, Connor A.</au><au>Turner, Julie W.</au><au>Vanak, Abi T.</au><au>Vander Wal, Eric</au><au>Wabakken, Petter</au><au>Webster, Sarah C.</au><au>Wheeldon, Tyler J.</au><au>Wikenros, Camilla</au><au>Windels, Steve K.</au><au>Young, Julie K.</au><au>Zabihi‐Seissan, Sana</au><au>Zimmermann, Barbara</au><au>Patterson, Brent R.</au><aucorp>Savannah River Ecology Laboratory (SREL), Aiken, SC (United States)</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Intrinsic and environmental drivers of pairwise cohesion in wild Canis social groups</atitle><jtitle>Ecology (Durham)</jtitle><addtitle>Ecology</addtitle><date>2025-01</date><risdate>2025</risdate><volume>106</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>e4492</spage><epage>n/a</epage><pages>e4492-n/a</pages><issn>0012-9658</issn><issn>1939-9170</issn><eissn>1939-9170</eissn><abstract>Animals within social groups respond to costs and benefits of sociality by adjusting the proportion of time they spend in close proximity to other individuals in the group (cohesion). Variation in cohesion between individuals, in turn, shapes important group‐level processes such as subgroup formation and fission–fusion dynamics. Although critical to animal sociality, a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing cohesion remains a gap in our knowledge of cooperative behavior in animals. We tracked 574 individuals from six species within the genus Canis in 15 countries on four continents with GPS telemetry to estimate the time that pairs of individuals within social groups spent in close proximity and test hypotheses regarding drivers of cohesion. Pairs of social canids (Canis spp.) varied widely in the proportion of time they spent together (5%–100%) during seasonal monitoring periods relative to both intrinsic characteristics and environmental conditions. The majority of our data came from three species of wolves (gray wolves, eastern wolves, and red wolves) and coyotes. For these species, cohesion within social groups was greatest between breeding pairs and varied seasonally as the nature of cooperative activities changed relative to annual life history patterns. Across species, wolves were more cohesive than coyotes. For wolves, pairs were less cohesive in larger groups, and when suitable, small prey was present reflecting the constraints of food resources and intragroup competition on social associations. Pair cohesion in wolves declined with increased anthropogenic modification of the landscape and greater climatic variability, underscoring challenges for conserving social top predators in a changing world. We show that pairwise cohesion in social groups varies strongly both within and across Canis species, as individuals respond to changing ecological context defined by resources, competition, and anthropogenic disturbance. 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fulltext | fulltext |
identifier | ISSN: 0012-9658 |
ispartof | Ecology (Durham), 2025-01, Vol.106 (1), p.e4492-n/a |
issn | 0012-9658 1939-9170 1939-9170 |
language | eng |
recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_11739853 |
source | Wiley-Blackwell Read & Publish Collection |
subjects | Animal behavior animal sociality Animals Anthropogenic factors Behavior, Animal - physiology Breeding Canidae Canidae - physiology Canis Cohesion cooperative behavior coyotes Environmental conditions Environmental monitoring Food resources Global positioning systems GPS Group dynamics group size human footprint Landscape preservation Life history Population decline Predators Social Behavior Species Subgroups Telemetry Wolves |
title | Intrinsic and environmental drivers of pairwise cohesion in wild Canis social groups |
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