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Micronutrient deficiencies and new-onset atrial fibrillation in a community-based cohort: data from PREVEND
Aim Malnutrition has been linked to cardiovascular diseases. Both selenium and iron deficiency have been associated with worse prognosis in patients with heart failure (HF). Yet, little is known about the role of micronutrients in the development of atrial fibrillation (AFib). In this study, we aime...
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Published in: | Clinical research in cardiology 2025, Vol.114 (1), p.41-52 |
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container_title | Clinical research in cardiology |
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creator | Al-Mubarak, Ali A. Grote Beverborg, Niels Zwartkruis, Victor van Deutekom, Colinda de Borst, Martin H. Gansevoort, Ron T. Bakker, Stephan J. L. Touw, Daan J. de Boer, Rudolf A. van der Meer, Peter Rienstra, Michiel Bomer, Nils |
description | Aim
Malnutrition has been linked to cardiovascular diseases. Both selenium and iron deficiency have been associated with worse prognosis in patients with heart failure (HF). Yet, little is known about the role of micronutrients in the development of atrial fibrillation (AFib). In this study, we aimed to elucidate the association of micronutrient deficiencies with new-onset AFib.
Methods
Selenium, magnesium, and iron parameters were measured in a well-characterized prospective cohort study (
N
= 5452). Selenium deficiency was defined as serum selenium |
doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00392-023-02276-3 |
format | article |
fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_11772465</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>3160210693</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c475t-fca67e5b46f29b05eb302d3029b808d3599ef26ebe0fbf6f1453db954dd762103</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9UUtvFiEUnRiNrdU_4MKQuHEzymOAwY1p2s9HUh8x6pbAAC11BiowNf333vrVz8fCxQmX3HMP93C67iHBTwnG8lnFmCnaY8oAVIqe3er2yShIj4Wit3f1OOx192o9x5gTzIa73R6TfFRywPvd17dxKjmtrUSfGnI-xAkqQEUmOZT89z6n6hsyQDEzCtGWOM-mxZxQTMigKS_LmmK76q2p3sH9LJf2HDnTDAolL-jDx82Xzbvj-92dYObqH9ycB93nl5tPR6_7k_ev3hwdnvTTIHnrw2SE9NwOIlBlMfeWYeoAyo54dIwr5QMV3nocbBCBDJw5q_jgnBQUHB50L7a6F6tdvJvAWDGzvihxMeVKZxP1350Uz_RpvtSESEkHwUHhyY1Cyd9WX5teYp082E4-r1XTkVPBsOIjUB__Qz3Pa0ngTzMiMOwjFAMW3bLgs2stPuy2IVhfh6m3YWoIU_8MU18PPfrTx27kV3pAYFtChVY69eX32_-R_QFU4KuP</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>3160210693</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Micronutrient deficiencies and new-onset atrial fibrillation in a community-based cohort: data from PREVEND</title><source>Springer Nature</source><creator>Al-Mubarak, Ali A. ; Grote Beverborg, Niels ; Zwartkruis, Victor ; van Deutekom, Colinda ; de Borst, Martin H. ; Gansevoort, Ron T. ; Bakker, Stephan J. L. ; Touw, Daan J. ; de Boer, Rudolf A. ; van der Meer, Peter ; Rienstra, Michiel ; Bomer, Nils</creator><creatorcontrib>Al-Mubarak, Ali A. ; Grote Beverborg, Niels ; Zwartkruis, Victor ; van Deutekom, Colinda ; de Borst, Martin H. ; Gansevoort, Ron T. ; Bakker, Stephan J. L. ; Touw, Daan J. ; de Boer, Rudolf A. ; van der Meer, Peter ; Rienstra, Michiel ; Bomer, Nils</creatorcontrib><description>Aim
Malnutrition has been linked to cardiovascular diseases. Both selenium and iron deficiency have been associated with worse prognosis in patients with heart failure (HF). Yet, little is known about the role of micronutrients in the development of atrial fibrillation (AFib). In this study, we aimed to elucidate the association of micronutrient deficiencies with new-onset AFib.
Methods
Selenium, magnesium, and iron parameters were measured in a well-characterized prospective cohort study (
N
= 5452). Selenium deficiency was defined as serum selenium < 70 μg/L, iron deficiency as serum ferritin < 30 μg/L, and magnesium deficiency as plasma magnesium < 0.85 mmol/L. New-onset AFib was the primary outcome. Additionally, we tested for previously reported effect-modifiers where applicable.
Results
Selenium, iron, and magnesium deficiency was observed in 1155 (21.2%), 797 (14.6%), and 3600 (66.0%) participants, respectively. During a mean follow-up of 6.2 years, 136 (2.5%) participants developed new-onset AFib. Smoking status significantly interacted with selenium deficiency on outcome (
p
= 0.079). After multivariable adjustment for components of the CHARGE-AF model, selenium deficiency was associated with new-onset AFib in non-smokers (HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.09–2.64,
p
= 0.020), but not in smokers (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.29–2.08,
p
= 0.619). Magnesium deficiency (HR 1.40, 95% CI 0.93–2.10,
p
= 0.110) and iron deficiency (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.25–1.54,
p
= 0.307) were not significantly associated with new-onset AFib.
Conclusion
Selenium deficiency was associated with new-onset AFib in non-smoking participants. Interventional studies that investigate the effects of optimizing micronutrients status in a population at risk are needed to assess causality, especially in those with selenium deficiency.
Graphical abstract
Micronutrients deficiencies (selenium, iron, and magnesium) have been associated with cardiovascular diseases and mitochondrial dysfunction in human cardiomyocytes. However, it is not known whether these deficiencies are associated with atrial fibrillation. To investigate this question, we measured all three micronutrients in 5452 apparently healthy individuals. After a mean follow-up of 6.2 years, there were 136 participants who developed atrial fibrillation. Participants with selenium deficiency had a significant increased risk to develop atrial fibrillation, as did the participants with two or more deficiencies.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1861-0684</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1861-0692</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00392-023-02276-3</identifier><identifier>PMID: 37589740</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Aged ; Atrial Fibrillation - blood ; Atrial Fibrillation - diagnosis ; Atrial Fibrillation - epidemiology ; Atrial Fibrillation - etiology ; Cardiac arrhythmia ; Cardiology ; Cardiomyocytes ; Cardiovascular diseases ; Congestive heart failure ; Female ; Ferritin ; Fibrillation ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart diseases ; Humans ; Incidence ; Iron ; Iron - blood ; Iron Deficiencies ; Iron deficiency ; Magnesium ; Magnesium - blood ; Magnesium Deficiency - blood ; Magnesium Deficiency - complications ; Magnesium Deficiency - epidemiology ; Male ; Malnutrition ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Micronutrients ; Micronutrients - blood ; Micronutrients - deficiency ; Middle Aged ; Nutrient deficiency ; Original Paper ; Population studies ; Prognosis ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Selenium ; Selenium - blood ; Selenium - deficiency ; Smoking</subject><ispartof>Clinical research in cardiology, 2025, Vol.114 (1), p.41-52</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2023</rights><rights>2023. The Author(s).</rights><rights>Copyright Springer Nature B.V. Jan 2025</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2023 2023</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c475t-fca67e5b46f29b05eb302d3029b808d3599ef26ebe0fbf6f1453db954dd762103</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c475t-fca67e5b46f29b05eb302d3029b808d3599ef26ebe0fbf6f1453db954dd762103</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-5926-6960</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37589740$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Al-Mubarak, Ali A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Grote Beverborg, Niels</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zwartkruis, Victor</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Deutekom, Colinda</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Borst, Martin H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gansevoort, Ron T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bakker, Stephan J. L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Touw, Daan J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Boer, Rudolf A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van der Meer, Peter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rienstra, Michiel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bomer, Nils</creatorcontrib><title>Micronutrient deficiencies and new-onset atrial fibrillation in a community-based cohort: data from PREVEND</title><title>Clinical research in cardiology</title><addtitle>Clin Res Cardiol</addtitle><addtitle>Clin Res Cardiol</addtitle><description>Aim
Malnutrition has been linked to cardiovascular diseases. Both selenium and iron deficiency have been associated with worse prognosis in patients with heart failure (HF). Yet, little is known about the role of micronutrients in the development of atrial fibrillation (AFib). In this study, we aimed to elucidate the association of micronutrient deficiencies with new-onset AFib.
Methods
Selenium, magnesium, and iron parameters were measured in a well-characterized prospective cohort study (
N
= 5452). Selenium deficiency was defined as serum selenium < 70 μg/L, iron deficiency as serum ferritin < 30 μg/L, and magnesium deficiency as plasma magnesium < 0.85 mmol/L. New-onset AFib was the primary outcome. Additionally, we tested for previously reported effect-modifiers where applicable.
Results
Selenium, iron, and magnesium deficiency was observed in 1155 (21.2%), 797 (14.6%), and 3600 (66.0%) participants, respectively. During a mean follow-up of 6.2 years, 136 (2.5%) participants developed new-onset AFib. Smoking status significantly interacted with selenium deficiency on outcome (
p
= 0.079). After multivariable adjustment for components of the CHARGE-AF model, selenium deficiency was associated with new-onset AFib in non-smokers (HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.09–2.64,
p
= 0.020), but not in smokers (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.29–2.08,
p
= 0.619). Magnesium deficiency (HR 1.40, 95% CI 0.93–2.10,
p
= 0.110) and iron deficiency (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.25–1.54,
p
= 0.307) were not significantly associated with new-onset AFib.
Conclusion
Selenium deficiency was associated with new-onset AFib in non-smoking participants. Interventional studies that investigate the effects of optimizing micronutrients status in a population at risk are needed to assess causality, especially in those with selenium deficiency.
Graphical abstract
Micronutrients deficiencies (selenium, iron, and magnesium) have been associated with cardiovascular diseases and mitochondrial dysfunction in human cardiomyocytes. However, it is not known whether these deficiencies are associated with atrial fibrillation. To investigate this question, we measured all three micronutrients in 5452 apparently healthy individuals. After a mean follow-up of 6.2 years, there were 136 participants who developed atrial fibrillation. Participants with selenium deficiency had a significant increased risk to develop atrial fibrillation, as did the participants with two or more deficiencies.</description><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Atrial Fibrillation - blood</subject><subject>Atrial Fibrillation - diagnosis</subject><subject>Atrial Fibrillation - epidemiology</subject><subject>Atrial Fibrillation - etiology</subject><subject>Cardiac arrhythmia</subject><subject>Cardiology</subject><subject>Cardiomyocytes</subject><subject>Cardiovascular diseases</subject><subject>Congestive heart failure</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Ferritin</subject><subject>Fibrillation</subject><subject>Follow-Up Studies</subject><subject>Heart diseases</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Incidence</subject><subject>Iron</subject><subject>Iron - blood</subject><subject>Iron Deficiencies</subject><subject>Iron deficiency</subject><subject>Magnesium</subject><subject>Magnesium - blood</subject><subject>Magnesium Deficiency - blood</subject><subject>Magnesium Deficiency - complications</subject><subject>Magnesium Deficiency - epidemiology</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Malnutrition</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Micronutrients</subject><subject>Micronutrients - blood</subject><subject>Micronutrients - deficiency</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Nutrient deficiency</subject><subject>Original Paper</subject><subject>Population studies</subject><subject>Prognosis</subject><subject>Prospective Studies</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Selenium</subject><subject>Selenium - blood</subject><subject>Selenium - deficiency</subject><subject>Smoking</subject><issn>1861-0684</issn><issn>1861-0692</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2025</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9UUtvFiEUnRiNrdU_4MKQuHEzymOAwY1p2s9HUh8x6pbAAC11BiowNf333vrVz8fCxQmX3HMP93C67iHBTwnG8lnFmCnaY8oAVIqe3er2yShIj4Wit3f1OOx192o9x5gTzIa73R6TfFRywPvd17dxKjmtrUSfGnI-xAkqQEUmOZT89z6n6hsyQDEzCtGWOM-mxZxQTMigKS_LmmK76q2p3sH9LJf2HDnTDAolL-jDx82Xzbvj-92dYObqH9ycB93nl5tPR6_7k_ev3hwdnvTTIHnrw2SE9NwOIlBlMfeWYeoAyo54dIwr5QMV3nocbBCBDJw5q_jgnBQUHB50L7a6F6tdvJvAWDGzvihxMeVKZxP1350Uz_RpvtSESEkHwUHhyY1Cyd9WX5teYp082E4-r1XTkVPBsOIjUB__Qz3Pa0ngTzMiMOwjFAMW3bLgs2stPuy2IVhfh6m3YWoIU_8MU18PPfrTx27kV3pAYFtChVY69eX32_-R_QFU4KuP</recordid><startdate>2025</startdate><enddate>2025</enddate><creator>Al-Mubarak, Ali A.</creator><creator>Grote Beverborg, Niels</creator><creator>Zwartkruis, Victor</creator><creator>van Deutekom, Colinda</creator><creator>de Borst, Martin H.</creator><creator>Gansevoort, Ron T.</creator><creator>Bakker, Stephan J. L.</creator><creator>Touw, Daan J.</creator><creator>de Boer, Rudolf A.</creator><creator>van der Meer, Peter</creator><creator>Rienstra, Michiel</creator><creator>Bomer, Nils</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M7Z</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5926-6960</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>2025</creationdate><title>Micronutrient deficiencies and new-onset atrial fibrillation in a community-based cohort: data from PREVEND</title><author>Al-Mubarak, Ali A. ; Grote Beverborg, Niels ; Zwartkruis, Victor ; van Deutekom, Colinda ; de Borst, Martin H. ; Gansevoort, Ron T. ; Bakker, Stephan J. L. ; Touw, Daan J. ; de Boer, Rudolf A. ; van der Meer, Peter ; Rienstra, Michiel ; Bomer, Nils</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c475t-fca67e5b46f29b05eb302d3029b808d3599ef26ebe0fbf6f1453db954dd762103</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2025</creationdate><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Atrial Fibrillation - blood</topic><topic>Atrial Fibrillation - diagnosis</topic><topic>Atrial Fibrillation - epidemiology</topic><topic>Atrial Fibrillation - etiology</topic><topic>Cardiac arrhythmia</topic><topic>Cardiology</topic><topic>Cardiomyocytes</topic><topic>Cardiovascular diseases</topic><topic>Congestive heart failure</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Ferritin</topic><topic>Fibrillation</topic><topic>Follow-Up Studies</topic><topic>Heart diseases</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Incidence</topic><topic>Iron</topic><topic>Iron - blood</topic><topic>Iron Deficiencies</topic><topic>Iron deficiency</topic><topic>Magnesium</topic><topic>Magnesium - blood</topic><topic>Magnesium Deficiency - blood</topic><topic>Magnesium Deficiency - complications</topic><topic>Magnesium Deficiency - epidemiology</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Malnutrition</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Micronutrients</topic><topic>Micronutrients - blood</topic><topic>Micronutrients - deficiency</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Nutrient deficiency</topic><topic>Original Paper</topic><topic>Population studies</topic><topic>Prognosis</topic><topic>Prospective Studies</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Selenium</topic><topic>Selenium - blood</topic><topic>Selenium - deficiency</topic><topic>Smoking</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Al-Mubarak, Ali A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Grote Beverborg, Niels</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zwartkruis, Victor</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Deutekom, Colinda</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Borst, Martin H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gansevoort, Ron T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bakker, Stephan J. L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Touw, Daan J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Boer, Rudolf A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van der Meer, Peter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rienstra, Michiel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bomer, Nils</creatorcontrib><collection>SpringerOpen</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Biochemistry Abstracts 1</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Clinical research in cardiology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Al-Mubarak, Ali A.</au><au>Grote Beverborg, Niels</au><au>Zwartkruis, Victor</au><au>van Deutekom, Colinda</au><au>de Borst, Martin H.</au><au>Gansevoort, Ron T.</au><au>Bakker, Stephan J. L.</au><au>Touw, Daan J.</au><au>de Boer, Rudolf A.</au><au>van der Meer, Peter</au><au>Rienstra, Michiel</au><au>Bomer, Nils</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Micronutrient deficiencies and new-onset atrial fibrillation in a community-based cohort: data from PREVEND</atitle><jtitle>Clinical research in cardiology</jtitle><stitle>Clin Res Cardiol</stitle><addtitle>Clin Res Cardiol</addtitle><date>2025</date><risdate>2025</risdate><volume>114</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>41</spage><epage>52</epage><pages>41-52</pages><issn>1861-0684</issn><eissn>1861-0692</eissn><abstract>Aim
Malnutrition has been linked to cardiovascular diseases. Both selenium and iron deficiency have been associated with worse prognosis in patients with heart failure (HF). Yet, little is known about the role of micronutrients in the development of atrial fibrillation (AFib). In this study, we aimed to elucidate the association of micronutrient deficiencies with new-onset AFib.
Methods
Selenium, magnesium, and iron parameters were measured in a well-characterized prospective cohort study (
N
= 5452). Selenium deficiency was defined as serum selenium < 70 μg/L, iron deficiency as serum ferritin < 30 μg/L, and magnesium deficiency as plasma magnesium < 0.85 mmol/L. New-onset AFib was the primary outcome. Additionally, we tested for previously reported effect-modifiers where applicable.
Results
Selenium, iron, and magnesium deficiency was observed in 1155 (21.2%), 797 (14.6%), and 3600 (66.0%) participants, respectively. During a mean follow-up of 6.2 years, 136 (2.5%) participants developed new-onset AFib. Smoking status significantly interacted with selenium deficiency on outcome (
p
= 0.079). After multivariable adjustment for components of the CHARGE-AF model, selenium deficiency was associated with new-onset AFib in non-smokers (HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.09–2.64,
p
= 0.020), but not in smokers (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.29–2.08,
p
= 0.619). Magnesium deficiency (HR 1.40, 95% CI 0.93–2.10,
p
= 0.110) and iron deficiency (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.25–1.54,
p
= 0.307) were not significantly associated with new-onset AFib.
Conclusion
Selenium deficiency was associated with new-onset AFib in non-smoking participants. Interventional studies that investigate the effects of optimizing micronutrients status in a population at risk are needed to assess causality, especially in those with selenium deficiency.
Graphical abstract
Micronutrients deficiencies (selenium, iron, and magnesium) have been associated with cardiovascular diseases and mitochondrial dysfunction in human cardiomyocytes. However, it is not known whether these deficiencies are associated with atrial fibrillation. To investigate this question, we measured all three micronutrients in 5452 apparently healthy individuals. After a mean follow-up of 6.2 years, there were 136 participants who developed atrial fibrillation. Participants with selenium deficiency had a significant increased risk to develop atrial fibrillation, as did the participants with two or more deficiencies.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>37589740</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00392-023-02276-3</doi><tpages>12</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5926-6960</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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source | Springer Nature |
subjects | Aged Atrial Fibrillation - blood Atrial Fibrillation - diagnosis Atrial Fibrillation - epidemiology Atrial Fibrillation - etiology Cardiac arrhythmia Cardiology Cardiomyocytes Cardiovascular diseases Congestive heart failure Female Ferritin Fibrillation Follow-Up Studies Heart diseases Humans Incidence Iron Iron - blood Iron Deficiencies Iron deficiency Magnesium Magnesium - blood Magnesium Deficiency - blood Magnesium Deficiency - complications Magnesium Deficiency - epidemiology Male Malnutrition Medicine Medicine & Public Health Micronutrients Micronutrients - blood Micronutrients - deficiency Middle Aged Nutrient deficiency Original Paper Population studies Prognosis Prospective Studies Risk Factors Selenium Selenium - blood Selenium - deficiency Smoking |
title | Micronutrient deficiencies and new-onset atrial fibrillation in a community-based cohort: data from PREVEND |
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