Chronic and Initiation/Promotion Skin Bioassays of Petroleum Refinery Streams

• Published in: Environmental health perspectives 1994-01, Vol.102 (1), p.82-87
• Main Authors: Skisak, C M, Furedi-Machacek, E M, Schmitt, S S, Swanson, M S, Vernot, E H
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 02 PETROLEUM; 020600 - Petroleum- Health & Safety; 560300 - Chemicals Metabolism & Toxicology; Alkanes - toxicity; ANIMALS; BIOASSAY; Biological Assay; BODY; Cancer; CARCINOGENESIS; Carcinogenicity Tests; Carcinogens - toxicity; CHRONIC EXPOSURE; ENERGY SOURCES; Extraction and Processing Industry; Fibrosarcoma; FOSSIL FUELS; FUELS; Male; MAMMALS; MICE; Mice, Inbred C3H; Mineral Oil - toxicity; ORGANS; PATHOGENESIS; PETROLEUM; Petroleum - toxicity; Petroleum distillates; PETROLEUM FRACTIONS; PROMOTERS; RADIATION, THERMAL, AND OTHER ENVIRON. POLLUTANT EFFECTS ON LIVING ORGS. AND BIOL. MAT; Random Allocation; Residuums; RODENTS; SKIN; Skin Neoplasms - chemically induced; Skin Tests; Squamous cell carcinoma; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate - toxicity; Time Factors; TUMOR PROMOTERS; Tumors; VERTEBRATES
• ISSN: 0091-6765; 1552-9924
• DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9410282

Nine refinery streams were tested in both chronic and initiation/promotion (I/P) skin bioassays. In the chronic bioassay, groups of 50 C3H/HeJ mice received twice weekly applications of 50 pli of test article for at least 2 years. In the initiation phase of the I/P bioassay, groups of CD-1 mice received an initiating dose of 50 μl of test article for 5 consecutive days, followed by promotion with 50 μl of phorbol-12-myristate-13- acetate (0.01% w/v in acetone) for 25 weeks. In the promotion phase of the I/P bioassay, CD-1 mice were initiated with 50 μl of 7,12- dimethylbenzanthracene (0.1% w/v in acetone) or acetone, followed by promotion with 50 μl of test article twice weekly for 25 weeks. The most volatile of the streams, sweetened naphtha, and the least volatile, vacuum residuum, were noncarcinogenic in both assays. Middle distillates, with a boiling range of 150°-370°C, demonstrated carcinogenic activity in the chronic bioassay and acted as promoters but not initiators in the I/P bioassay. Untreated mineral oil streams displayed initiating activity and were carcinogenic in the chronic bioassay, presumably due to the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of requisite size and structure. A highly solvent-refined mineral oil stream lacked initiating activity. These results indicate that the I/P bioassay, which takes 6 months to complete, may be a good qualitative predictor of the results of a chronic bioassay, at least for petroleum streams. Furthermore, the I/P bioassay can provide insight into possible mechanisms of tumor development.