Observational research methods. Research design II: cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies

Cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies are collectively referred to as observational studies. Often these studies are the only practicable method of studying various problems, for example, studies of aetiology, instances where a randomised controlled trial might be unethical, or if the co...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Emergency medicine journal : EMJ 2003-01, Vol.20 (1), p.54-60
Main Author: Mann, C J
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Case-Control Studies
case-control study
Cohort analysis
Cohort Studies
cohort study
cross sectional study
Cross-Sectional Studies
Data Collection
Databases as Topic
Health aspects
Health risk assessment
Heart attacks
Intervention
Medical research
Medicine, Experimental
Methods
Population
Quality
Research methodology
research methods
Research Series
Selection Bias
Studies
Validity
Variables
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Summary:Cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies are collectively referred to as observational studies. Often these studies are the only practicable method of studying various problems, for example, studies of aetiology, instances where a randomised controlled trial might be unethical, or if the condition to be studied is rare. Cohort studies are used to study incidence, causes, and prognosis. Because they measure events in chronological order they can be used to distinguish between cause and effect. Cross sectional studies are used to determine prevalence. They are relatively quick and easy but do not permit distinction between cause and effect. Case controlled studies compare groups retrospectively. They seek to identify possible predictors of outcome and are useful for studying rare diseases or outcomes. They are often used to generate hypotheses that can then be studied via prospective cohort or other studies.
ISSN:1472-0205
1472-0213
DOI:10.1136/emj.20.1.54