Choosing area based socioeconomic measures to monitor social inequalities in low birth weight and childhood lead poisoning: The Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project (US)

• Published in: Journal of epidemiology and community health (1979) 2003-03, Vol.57 (3), p.186-199
• Main Authors: Krieger, N, Chen, J T, Waterman, P D, Soobader, M-J, Subramanian, S V, Carson, R
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Biological and medical sciences; Birth weight; Birth weight, Low; Census; Censuses; Child; Childhood; Children; Cross-Sectional Studies; Economics; Educational Status; Employment indices; Female; geocoding and geographic information science (GIS); Geography; Health aspects; Housing; Humans; Income; Infant; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Lead - blood; Lead poisoning; Lead Poisoning - blood; Lead Poisoning - epidemiology; Low birth weight; Male; Massachusetts - epidemiology; Median family income; Median income; Medical sciences; Middle Aged; Poisoning; Postal codes; Poverty; Poverty - statistics & numerical data; Prevention and actions; Public health; public health surveillance; Public health. Hygiene; Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine; Rhode Island - epidemiology; Risk Factors; Social aspects; Social Class; Socioeconomic Factors; socioeconomic inequalities; Socioeconomics; Specific populations (family, woman, child, elderly...); Statistics; Studies; Theory and Methods; Unemployment; ZIP codes
• ISSN: 0143-005X; 1470-2738
• DOI: 10.1136/jech.57.3.186

Study objectives: To determine which area based socioeconomic measures can meaningfully be used, at which level of geography, to monitor socioeconomic inequalities in childhood health in the US. Design: Cross sectional analysis of birth certificate and childhood lead poisoning registry data, geocoded and linked to diverse area based socioeconomic measures that were generated at three geographical levels: census tract, block group, and ZIP code. Setting: Two US states: Massachusetts (1990 population=6 016 425) and Rhode Island (1990 population=1 003 464). Participants: All births born to mothers ages 15 to 55 years old who were residents of either Massachusetts (1989–1991; n=267 311) or Rhode Island (1987–1993; n=96 138), and all children ages 1 to 5 years residing in Rhode Island who were screened for lead levels between 1994 and 1996 (n=62 514 children, restricted to first test during the study period). Main results: Analyses of both the birth weight and lead data indicated that: (a) block group and tract socioeconomic measures performed similarly within and across both states, while ZIP code level measures tended to detect smaller effects; (b) measures pertaining to economic poverty detected stronger gradients than measures of education, occupation, and wealth; (c) results were similar for categories generated by quintiles and by a priori categorical cut off points; and (d) the area based socioeconomic measures yielded estimates of effect equal to or augmenting those detected, respectively, by individual level educational data for birth outcomes and by the area based housing measure recommended by the US government for monitoring childhood lead poisoning. Conclusions: Census tract or block group area based socioeconomic measures of economic deprivation could be meaningfully used in conjunction with US public health surveillance systems to enable or enhance monitoring of social inequalities in health in the United States.