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Effect of smokeless tobacco (snus) on smoking and public health in Sweden

Objective: To review the evidence on the effects of moist smokeless tobacco (snus) on smoking and ill health in Sweden. Method: Narrative review of published papers and other data sources (for example, conference abstracts and internet based information) on snus use, use of other tobacco products, a...

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Published in:Tobacco Control 2003-12, Vol.12 (4), p.349-359
Main Authors: Foulds, J, Ramstrom, L, Burke, M, Fagerström, K
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description Objective: To review the evidence on the effects of moist smokeless tobacco (snus) on smoking and ill health in Sweden. Method: Narrative review of published papers and other data sources (for example, conference abstracts and internet based information) on snus use, use of other tobacco products, and changes in health status in Sweden. Results: Snus is manufactured and stored in a manner that causes it to deliver lower concentrations of some harmful chemicals than other tobacco products, although it can deliver high doses of nicotine. It is dependence forming, but does not appear to cause cancer or respiratory diseases. It may cause a slight increase in cardiovascular risks and is likely to be harmful to the unborn fetus, although these risks are lower than those caused by smoking. There has been a larger drop in male daily smoking (from 40% in 1976 to 15% in 2002) than female daily smoking (34% in 1976 to 20% in 2002) in Sweden, with a substantial proportion (around 30%) of male ex-smokers using snus when quitting smoking. Over the same time period, rates of lung cancer and myocardial infarction have dropped significantly faster among Swedish men than women and remain at low levels as compared with other developed countries with a long history of tobacco use. Conclusions: Snus availability in Sweden appears to have contributed to the unusually low rates of smoking among Swedish men by helping them transfer to a notably less harmful form of nicotine dependence.
doi_str_mv 10.1136/tc.12.4.349
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Method: Narrative review of published papers and other data sources (for example, conference abstracts and internet based information) on snus use, use of other tobacco products, and changes in health status in Sweden. Results: Snus is manufactured and stored in a manner that causes it to deliver lower concentrations of some harmful chemicals than other tobacco products, although it can deliver high doses of nicotine. It is dependence forming, but does not appear to cause cancer or respiratory diseases. It may cause a slight increase in cardiovascular risks and is likely to be harmful to the unborn fetus, although these risks are lower than those caused by smoking. There has been a larger drop in male daily smoking (from 40% in 1976 to 15% in 2002) than female daily smoking (34% in 1976 to 20% in 2002) in Sweden, with a substantial proportion (around 30%) of male ex-smokers using snus when quitting smoking. Over the same time period, rates of lung cancer and myocardial infarction have dropped significantly faster among Swedish men than women and remain at low levels as compared with other developed countries with a long history of tobacco use. Conclusions: Snus availability in Sweden appears to have contributed to the unusually low rates of smoking among Swedish men by helping them transfer to a notably less harmful form of nicotine dependence.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0964-4563</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1468-3318</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1136/tc.12.4.349</identifier><identifier>PMID: 14660766</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</publisher><subject>Adult ; Analysis ; cancer ; Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology ; Cigar smoking ; Cigarette smoking ; Cigarettes ; confidence interval ; Developed countries ; Female ; Health risks ; Humans ; IOM ; Lung cancer ; Male ; Manufacturing ; Men ; Middle Aged ; Myocardial infarction ; Neoplasms - epidemiology ; Neoplasms - etiology ; Nicotine ; Nicotine - administration &amp; dosage ; Nicotine - adverse effects ; odds ratio ; oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma ; OSCC ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications - epidemiology ; Pregnancy Complications - etiology ; Product development ; Product lines ; Public health ; relative risk ; Respiratory diseases ; REVIEW ; Risk Factors ; Smokeless tobacco ; Smoking ; Smoking - adverse effects ; Smoking cessation ; Snuff ; Sweden ; Sweden - epidemiology ; Tobacco ; Tobacco chewing ; Tobacco industry ; Tobacco smoking ; tobacco specific nitrosamines ; Tobacco use ; Tobacco Use Disorder - epidemiology ; Tobacco Use Disorder - etiology ; Tobacco, Smokeless - adverse effects ; TSNAs ; US Institute of Medicine</subject><ispartof>Tobacco Control, 2003-12, Vol.12 (4), p.349-359</ispartof><rights>Copyright 2003 Tobacco Control</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT © 2003 BMJ Publishing Group</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2003 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.</rights><rights>Copyright: 2003 Copyright 2003 Tobacco Control</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b639t-19ca8a787421df492e77283a521a0ee725b594e94df1342a7c4afed52f25ae403</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-b639t-19ca8a787421df492e77283a521a0ee725b594e94df1342a7c4afed52f25ae403</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/20747648$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/20747648$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,313,314,727,780,784,792,885,27922,27924,27925,53791,53793,58238,58471</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14660766$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Foulds, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ramstrom, L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Burke, M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fagerström, K</creatorcontrib><title>Effect of smokeless tobacco (snus) on smoking and public health in Sweden</title><title>Tobacco Control</title><addtitle>Tob Control</addtitle><description>Objective: To review the evidence on the effects of moist smokeless tobacco (snus) on smoking and ill health in Sweden. Method: Narrative review of published papers and other data sources (for example, conference abstracts and internet based information) on snus use, use of other tobacco products, and changes in health status in Sweden. Results: Snus is manufactured and stored in a manner that causes it to deliver lower concentrations of some harmful chemicals than other tobacco products, although it can deliver high doses of nicotine. It is dependence forming, but does not appear to cause cancer or respiratory diseases. It may cause a slight increase in cardiovascular risks and is likely to be harmful to the unborn fetus, although these risks are lower than those caused by smoking. There has been a larger drop in male daily smoking (from 40% in 1976 to 15% in 2002) than female daily smoking (34% in 1976 to 20% in 2002) in Sweden, with a substantial proportion (around 30%) of male ex-smokers using snus when quitting smoking. Over the same time period, rates of lung cancer and myocardial infarction have dropped significantly faster among Swedish men than women and remain at low levels as compared with other developed countries with a long history of tobacco use. Conclusions: Snus availability in Sweden appears to have contributed to the unusually low rates of smoking among Swedish men by helping them transfer to a notably less harmful form of nicotine dependence.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>cancer</subject><subject>Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology</subject><subject>Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology</subject><subject>Cigar smoking</subject><subject>Cigarette smoking</subject><subject>Cigarettes</subject><subject>confidence interval</subject><subject>Developed countries</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>IOM</subject><subject>Lung cancer</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Manufacturing</subject><subject>Men</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Myocardial infarction</subject><subject>Neoplasms - epidemiology</subject><subject>Neoplasms - etiology</subject><subject>Nicotine</subject><subject>Nicotine - administration &amp; dosage</subject><subject>Nicotine - adverse effects</subject><subject>odds ratio</subject><subject>oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma</subject><subject>OSCC</subject><subject>Pregnancy</subject><subject>Pregnancy Complications - epidemiology</subject><subject>Pregnancy Complications - etiology</subject><subject>Product development</subject><subject>Product lines</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>relative risk</subject><subject>Respiratory diseases</subject><subject>REVIEW</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Smokeless tobacco</subject><subject>Smoking</subject><subject>Smoking - adverse effects</subject><subject>Smoking cessation</subject><subject>Snuff</subject><subject>Sweden</subject><subject>Sweden - epidemiology</subject><subject>Tobacco</subject><subject>Tobacco chewing</subject><subject>Tobacco industry</subject><subject>Tobacco smoking</subject><subject>tobacco specific nitrosamines</subject><subject>Tobacco use</subject><subject>Tobacco Use Disorder - epidemiology</subject><subject>Tobacco Use Disorder - etiology</subject><subject>Tobacco, Smokeless - adverse effects</subject><subject>TSNAs</subject><subject>US Institute of Medicine</subject><issn>0964-4563</issn><issn>1468-3318</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2003</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kttrFDEYxYModlt98lkZKBRFZsxtkpkXoWxrLVu84OU1ZDJfdrOdSepk1st_b9ZZtgpF8hDI-X2Hc_iC0BOCC0KYeDWagtCCF4zX99CMcFHljJHqPprhWvCcl4IdoMMY1xgTJkvyEB0kSGApxAxdnlsLZsyCzWIfrqGDGLMxNNqYkD2PfhNfZMH_0ZxfZtq32c2m6ZzJVqC7cZU5n336AS34R-iB1V2Ex7v7CH15c_55_ja_en9xOT-9yhvB6jEntdGVlpXklLSW1xSkpBXTJSUaA0haNmXNoeatJYxTLQ3XFtqSWlpq4JgdodeTb8rRQ2vAj4Pu1M3gej38UkE79a_i3Uotw3dFJJeyJsngeGcwhG8biKNah83gU-aEVKTitCJbKp-ope5AOW9DMjNL8JA8gwfr0vMpIZRygek2VnEHn04LvTN3DrycBswQYhzA7isQrLaLVaNRhCqu0mIT_ezv1rfsbpMJeDoB6ziGYa9TnFoLXt32cXGEn3tdD9dKyPQt1Luvc_VhcXbGPy4W6iLxJxPf9Ov_JvsNauTBxA</recordid><startdate>200312</startdate><enddate>200312</enddate><creator>Foulds, J</creator><creator>Ramstrom, L</creator><creator>Burke, M</creator><creator>Fagerström, K</creator><general>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</general><general>BMJ Publishing Group</general><general>BMJ Publishing Group LTD</general><general>BMJ Group</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7WY</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>883</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8FL</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BEZIV</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BTHHO</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FRNLG</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K60</scope><scope>K6~</scope><scope>K9-</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0F</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0R</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PQBIZ</scope><scope>PQBZA</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200312</creationdate><title>Effect of smokeless tobacco (snus) on smoking and public health in Sweden</title><author>Foulds, J ; Ramstrom, L ; Burke, M ; Fagerström, K</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-b639t-19ca8a787421df492e77283a521a0ee725b594e94df1342a7c4afed52f25ae403</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2003</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>cancer</topic><topic>Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology</topic><topic>Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology</topic><topic>Cigar smoking</topic><topic>Cigarette smoking</topic><topic>Cigarettes</topic><topic>confidence interval</topic><topic>Developed countries</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Health risks</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>IOM</topic><topic>Lung cancer</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Manufacturing</topic><topic>Men</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Myocardial infarction</topic><topic>Neoplasms - epidemiology</topic><topic>Neoplasms - etiology</topic><topic>Nicotine</topic><topic>Nicotine - administration &amp; 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Method: Narrative review of published papers and other data sources (for example, conference abstracts and internet based information) on snus use, use of other tobacco products, and changes in health status in Sweden. Results: Snus is manufactured and stored in a manner that causes it to deliver lower concentrations of some harmful chemicals than other tobacco products, although it can deliver high doses of nicotine. It is dependence forming, but does not appear to cause cancer or respiratory diseases. It may cause a slight increase in cardiovascular risks and is likely to be harmful to the unborn fetus, although these risks are lower than those caused by smoking. There has been a larger drop in male daily smoking (from 40% in 1976 to 15% in 2002) than female daily smoking (34% in 1976 to 20% in 2002) in Sweden, with a substantial proportion (around 30%) of male ex-smokers using snus when quitting smoking. Over the same time period, rates of lung cancer and myocardial infarction have dropped significantly faster among Swedish men than women and remain at low levels as compared with other developed countries with a long history of tobacco use. Conclusions: Snus availability in Sweden appears to have contributed to the unusually low rates of smoking among Swedish men by helping them transfer to a notably less harmful form of nicotine dependence.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</pub><pmid>14660766</pmid><doi>10.1136/tc.12.4.349</doi><tpages>11</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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source Open Access: PubMed Central; JSTOR Archival Journals and Primary Sources Collection
subjects Adult
Analysis
cancer
Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology
Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology
Cigar smoking
Cigarette smoking
Cigarettes
confidence interval
Developed countries
Female
Health risks
Humans
IOM
Lung cancer
Male
Manufacturing
Men
Middle Aged
Myocardial infarction
Neoplasms - epidemiology
Neoplasms - etiology
Nicotine
Nicotine - administration & dosage
Nicotine - adverse effects
odds ratio
oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma
OSCC
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Complications - epidemiology
Pregnancy Complications - etiology
Product development
Product lines
Public health
relative risk
Respiratory diseases
REVIEW
Risk Factors
Smokeless tobacco
Smoking
Smoking - adverse effects
Smoking cessation
Snuff
Sweden
Sweden - epidemiology
Tobacco
Tobacco chewing
Tobacco industry
Tobacco smoking
tobacco specific nitrosamines
Tobacco use
Tobacco Use Disorder - epidemiology
Tobacco Use Disorder - etiology
Tobacco, Smokeless - adverse effects
TSNAs
US Institute of Medicine
title Effect of smokeless tobacco (snus) on smoking and public health in Sweden
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