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Effect of firing rate on the performance of shock wave lithotriptors
OBJECTIVE To determine the mechanism that underlies the effect of shock wave (SW) rate on the performance of clinical lithotripters. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of firing rate on the pressure characteristics of SWs was assessed using a fibre‐optic probe hydrophone (FOPH 500, RP Acoustics, Leute...
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| Published in: | BJU international 2008-12, Vol.102 (11), p.1681-1686 |
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| creator | Pishchalnikov, Yuri A. McAteer, James A. Williams Jr, James C. |
| description | OBJECTIVE
To determine the mechanism that underlies the effect of shock wave (SW) rate on the performance of clinical lithotripters.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The effect of firing rate on the pressure characteristics of SWs was assessed using a fibre‐optic probe hydrophone (FOPH 500, RP Acoustics, Leutenbach, Germany). Shock waves were fired at slow (5–27 SW/min) and fast (100–120 SW/min) rates using a conventional high‐pressure lithotriptor (DoLi‐50, Dornier MedTech America, Inc., Kennesaw, GA, USA), and a new low‐pressure lithotriptor (XX‐ES, Xi Xin Medical Instruments Co. Ltd, Suzhou, PRC). A digital camcorder (HDR‐HC3, Sony, Japan) was used to record cavitation fields, and an ultrafast multiframe high‐speed camera (Imacon 200, DRS Data & Imaging Systems, Inc., Oakland, NJ, USA) was used to follow the evolution of bubbles throughout the cavitation cycle.
RESULTS
Firing rate had little effect on the leading positive‐pressure phase of the SWs with the DoLi lithotriptor. A slight reduction (≈7%) of peak positive pressure (P+) was detected only in the very dense cavitation fields (≈1000 bubbles/cm3) generated at the fastest firing rate (120 SW/min) in nondegassed water. The negative pressure of the SWs, on the other hand, was dramatically affected by firing rate. At 120 SW/min the peak negative pressure was reduced by ≈84%, the duration and area of the negative pressure component was reduced by ≈80% and ≈98%, respectively, and the energy density of negative pressure was reduced by >99%. Whereas cavitation bubbles proliferated at fast firing rates, HS‐camera images showed the bubbles that persisted between SWs were very small ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.07896.x |
| format | article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_2588648</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>19903965</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5336-6c2d27884cf2547f424be074dd0091e56200b98007c2d6681666ee64d07a17f03</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNkUtv1DAQgC0Eog_4C5Uv9LbpOHFs51CkUtoCqtQLlbhZXmfc9TYbL3a2j3-P01229FR88Wjmm9GMPkIog4LldzQvGBd8whn8KkoAVYBUjSge3pDdbeHt3xgasUP2UpoD5ISo35MdpiQDXsMu-XrmHNqBBkedj76_odEMSENPhxnSJUYX4sL0FkcizYK9pffmDmnnh1kYol8OIaYP5J0zXcKPm3-fXJ-f_Tz9Nrm8uvh-enI5sXVViYmwZVtKpbh1Zc2l4yWfIkjetgANw1rkU6aNApAZFEIxIQSi4C1Iw6SDap98Xs9drqYLbC32QzSdXka_MPFRB-P1y0rvZ_om3OmyVkpwlQccbgbE8HuFadALnyx2nekxrJIWjaqqRrBXQdY0kME6g2oN2hhSiui22zDQoys916MGPSrRoyv95Eo_5NaDf695btzIycCnDWCSNZ2L2YNPW64EJUWlyswdr7l73-Hjfy-gv_y4HqPqD0qSr7I</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>19903965</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Effect of firing rate on the performance of shock wave lithotriptors</title><source>Wiley-Blackwell Read & Publish Collection</source><creator>Pishchalnikov, Yuri A. ; McAteer, James A. ; Williams Jr, James C.</creator><creatorcontrib>Pishchalnikov, Yuri A. ; McAteer, James A. ; Williams Jr, James C.</creatorcontrib><description>OBJECTIVE
To determine the mechanism that underlies the effect of shock wave (SW) rate on the performance of clinical lithotripters.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The effect of firing rate on the pressure characteristics of SWs was assessed using a fibre‐optic probe hydrophone (FOPH 500, RP Acoustics, Leutenbach, Germany). Shock waves were fired at slow (5–27 SW/min) and fast (100–120 SW/min) rates using a conventional high‐pressure lithotriptor (DoLi‐50, Dornier MedTech America, Inc., Kennesaw, GA, USA), and a new low‐pressure lithotriptor (XX‐ES, Xi Xin Medical Instruments Co. Ltd, Suzhou, PRC). A digital camcorder (HDR‐HC3, Sony, Japan) was used to record cavitation fields, and an ultrafast multiframe high‐speed camera (Imacon 200, DRS Data & Imaging Systems, Inc., Oakland, NJ, USA) was used to follow the evolution of bubbles throughout the cavitation cycle.
RESULTS
Firing rate had little effect on the leading positive‐pressure phase of the SWs with the DoLi lithotriptor. A slight reduction (≈7%) of peak positive pressure (P+) was detected only in the very dense cavitation fields (≈1000 bubbles/cm3) generated at the fastest firing rate (120 SW/min) in nondegassed water. The negative pressure of the SWs, on the other hand, was dramatically affected by firing rate. At 120 SW/min the peak negative pressure was reduced by ≈84%, the duration and area of the negative pressure component was reduced by ≈80% and ≈98%, respectively, and the energy density of negative pressure was reduced by >99%. Whereas cavitation bubbles proliferated at fast firing rates, HS‐camera images showed the bubbles that persisted between SWs were very small (<10 µm). Similar results were obtained with the XX‐ES lithotriptor but only after recognizing a rate‐dependent charging artefact with that machine.
CONCLUSION
Increasing the firing rate of a lithotriptor can dramatically reduce the negative pressure component of the SWs, while the positive pressure remains virtually unaffected. Cavitation increases as the firing rate is increased but as the bubbles collapse, they break into numerous microbubbles that, because of their very small size, do not pose a barrier to the leading positive pressure of the next SW. These findings begin to explain why stone breakage in SWL becomes less efficient as the firing rate is increased.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1464-4096</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1464-410X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.07896.x</identifier><identifier>PMID: 18710450</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>acoustic output ; Acoustics ; Biological and medical sciences ; cavitation bubbles ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi - therapy ; Lithotripsy - instrumentation ; Lithotripsy - methods ; Lithotripsy - standards ; Medical sciences ; Nephrology. Urinary tract diseases ; shock wave lithotripsy</subject><ispartof>BJU international, 2008-12, Vol.102 (11), p.1681-1686</ispartof><rights>2008 THE AUTHORS. JOURNAL COMPILATION © 2008 BJU INTERNATIONAL</rights><rights>2009 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5336-6c2d27884cf2547f424be074dd0091e56200b98007c2d6681666ee64d07a17f03</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5336-6c2d27884cf2547f424be074dd0091e56200b98007c2d6681666ee64d07a17f03</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=20876382$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18710450$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Pishchalnikov, Yuri A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McAteer, James A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Williams Jr, James C.</creatorcontrib><title>Effect of firing rate on the performance of shock wave lithotriptors</title><title>BJU international</title><addtitle>BJU Int</addtitle><description>OBJECTIVE
To determine the mechanism that underlies the effect of shock wave (SW) rate on the performance of clinical lithotripters.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The effect of firing rate on the pressure characteristics of SWs was assessed using a fibre‐optic probe hydrophone (FOPH 500, RP Acoustics, Leutenbach, Germany). Shock waves were fired at slow (5–27 SW/min) and fast (100–120 SW/min) rates using a conventional high‐pressure lithotriptor (DoLi‐50, Dornier MedTech America, Inc., Kennesaw, GA, USA), and a new low‐pressure lithotriptor (XX‐ES, Xi Xin Medical Instruments Co. Ltd, Suzhou, PRC). A digital camcorder (HDR‐HC3, Sony, Japan) was used to record cavitation fields, and an ultrafast multiframe high‐speed camera (Imacon 200, DRS Data & Imaging Systems, Inc., Oakland, NJ, USA) was used to follow the evolution of bubbles throughout the cavitation cycle.
RESULTS
Firing rate had little effect on the leading positive‐pressure phase of the SWs with the DoLi lithotriptor. A slight reduction (≈7%) of peak positive pressure (P+) was detected only in the very dense cavitation fields (≈1000 bubbles/cm3) generated at the fastest firing rate (120 SW/min) in nondegassed water. The negative pressure of the SWs, on the other hand, was dramatically affected by firing rate. At 120 SW/min the peak negative pressure was reduced by ≈84%, the duration and area of the negative pressure component was reduced by ≈80% and ≈98%, respectively, and the energy density of negative pressure was reduced by >99%. Whereas cavitation bubbles proliferated at fast firing rates, HS‐camera images showed the bubbles that persisted between SWs were very small (<10 µm). Similar results were obtained with the XX‐ES lithotriptor but only after recognizing a rate‐dependent charging artefact with that machine.
CONCLUSION
Increasing the firing rate of a lithotriptor can dramatically reduce the negative pressure component of the SWs, while the positive pressure remains virtually unaffected. Cavitation increases as the firing rate is increased but as the bubbles collapse, they break into numerous microbubbles that, because of their very small size, do not pose a barrier to the leading positive pressure of the next SW. These findings begin to explain why stone breakage in SWL becomes less efficient as the firing rate is increased.</description><subject>acoustic output</subject><subject>Acoustics</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>cavitation bubbles</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Kidney Calculi - therapy</subject><subject>Lithotripsy - instrumentation</subject><subject>Lithotripsy - methods</subject><subject>Lithotripsy - standards</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Nephrology. Urinary tract diseases</subject><subject>shock wave lithotripsy</subject><issn>1464-4096</issn><issn>1464-410X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2008</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqNkUtv1DAQgC0Eog_4C5Uv9LbpOHFs51CkUtoCqtQLlbhZXmfc9TYbL3a2j3-P01229FR88Wjmm9GMPkIog4LldzQvGBd8whn8KkoAVYBUjSge3pDdbeHt3xgasUP2UpoD5ISo35MdpiQDXsMu-XrmHNqBBkedj76_odEMSENPhxnSJUYX4sL0FkcizYK9pffmDmnnh1kYol8OIaYP5J0zXcKPm3-fXJ-f_Tz9Nrm8uvh-enI5sXVViYmwZVtKpbh1Zc2l4yWfIkjetgANw1rkU6aNApAZFEIxIQSi4C1Iw6SDap98Xs9drqYLbC32QzSdXka_MPFRB-P1y0rvZ_om3OmyVkpwlQccbgbE8HuFadALnyx2nekxrJIWjaqqRrBXQdY0kME6g2oN2hhSiui22zDQoys916MGPSrRoyv95Eo_5NaDf695btzIycCnDWCSNZ2L2YNPW64EJUWlyswdr7l73-Hjfy-gv_y4HqPqD0qSr7I</recordid><startdate>200812</startdate><enddate>200812</enddate><creator>Pishchalnikov, Yuri A.</creator><creator>McAteer, James A.</creator><creator>Williams Jr, James C.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Wiley-Blackwell</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200812</creationdate><title>Effect of firing rate on the performance of shock wave lithotriptors</title><author>Pishchalnikov, Yuri A. ; McAteer, James A. ; Williams Jr, James C.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c5336-6c2d27884cf2547f424be074dd0091e56200b98007c2d6681666ee64d07a17f03</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2008</creationdate><topic>acoustic output</topic><topic>Acoustics</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>cavitation bubbles</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Kidney Calculi - therapy</topic><topic>Lithotripsy - instrumentation</topic><topic>Lithotripsy - methods</topic><topic>Lithotripsy - standards</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Nephrology. Urinary tract diseases</topic><topic>shock wave lithotripsy</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Pishchalnikov, Yuri A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McAteer, James A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Williams Jr, James C.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>BJU international</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Pishchalnikov, Yuri A.</au><au>McAteer, James A.</au><au>Williams Jr, James C.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effect of firing rate on the performance of shock wave lithotriptors</atitle><jtitle>BJU international</jtitle><addtitle>BJU Int</addtitle><date>2008-12</date><risdate>2008</risdate><volume>102</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>1681</spage><epage>1686</epage><pages>1681-1686</pages><issn>1464-4096</issn><eissn>1464-410X</eissn><abstract>OBJECTIVE
To determine the mechanism that underlies the effect of shock wave (SW) rate on the performance of clinical lithotripters.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The effect of firing rate on the pressure characteristics of SWs was assessed using a fibre‐optic probe hydrophone (FOPH 500, RP Acoustics, Leutenbach, Germany). Shock waves were fired at slow (5–27 SW/min) and fast (100–120 SW/min) rates using a conventional high‐pressure lithotriptor (DoLi‐50, Dornier MedTech America, Inc., Kennesaw, GA, USA), and a new low‐pressure lithotriptor (XX‐ES, Xi Xin Medical Instruments Co. Ltd, Suzhou, PRC). A digital camcorder (HDR‐HC3, Sony, Japan) was used to record cavitation fields, and an ultrafast multiframe high‐speed camera (Imacon 200, DRS Data & Imaging Systems, Inc., Oakland, NJ, USA) was used to follow the evolution of bubbles throughout the cavitation cycle.
RESULTS
Firing rate had little effect on the leading positive‐pressure phase of the SWs with the DoLi lithotriptor. A slight reduction (≈7%) of peak positive pressure (P+) was detected only in the very dense cavitation fields (≈1000 bubbles/cm3) generated at the fastest firing rate (120 SW/min) in nondegassed water. The negative pressure of the SWs, on the other hand, was dramatically affected by firing rate. At 120 SW/min the peak negative pressure was reduced by ≈84%, the duration and area of the negative pressure component was reduced by ≈80% and ≈98%, respectively, and the energy density of negative pressure was reduced by >99%. Whereas cavitation bubbles proliferated at fast firing rates, HS‐camera images showed the bubbles that persisted between SWs were very small (<10 µm). Similar results were obtained with the XX‐ES lithotriptor but only after recognizing a rate‐dependent charging artefact with that machine.
CONCLUSION
Increasing the firing rate of a lithotriptor can dramatically reduce the negative pressure component of the SWs, while the positive pressure remains virtually unaffected. Cavitation increases as the firing rate is increased but as the bubbles collapse, they break into numerous microbubbles that, because of their very small size, do not pose a barrier to the leading positive pressure of the next SW. These findings begin to explain why stone breakage in SWL becomes less efficient as the firing rate is increased.</abstract><cop>Oxford, UK</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>18710450</pmid><doi>10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.07896.x</doi><tpages>6</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | BJU international, 2008-12, Vol.102 (11), p.1681-1686 |
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| source | Wiley-Blackwell Read & Publish Collection |
| subjects | acoustic output Acoustics Biological and medical sciences cavitation bubbles Humans Kidney Calculi - therapy Lithotripsy - instrumentation Lithotripsy - methods Lithotripsy - standards Medical sciences Nephrology. Urinary tract diseases shock wave lithotripsy |
| title | Effect of firing rate on the performance of shock wave lithotriptors |
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