Macrophages make me sick: How macrophage activation states influence sickness behavior

Summary The macrophage (MΦ) is an essential cellular first responder in the innate immune system, sensing, alerting, removing and destroying intrinsic and extrinsic pathogens. While congenital aplasia of granulocytes, T or B lymphocytes leads to serious disease, lack of MΦs is incompatible with life...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011-11, Vol.36 (10), p.1431-1440
Main Authors: Moon, Morgan L, McNeil, Leslie K, Freund, Gregory G
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Behavioral psychophysiology
Biological and medical sciences
Cytokine
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Hormones and behavior
Humans
Illness Behavior - physiology
Immunobehavior
Inflammation - immunology
Innate immunity
Macrophage Activation - immunology
Macrophage Activation - physiology
Macrophages - immunology
Macrophages - physiology
Microglia
Models, Biological
Neuroimmunity
Psychiatry
Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry
Psychology. Psychophysiology
Wit and Humor as Topic
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Summary:Summary The macrophage (MΦ) is an essential cellular first responder in the innate immune system, sensing, alerting, removing and destroying intrinsic and extrinsic pathogens. While congenital aplasia of granulocytes, T or B lymphocytes leads to serious disease, lack of MΦs is incompatible with life. The MΦ, however, is not a monomorphic entity. These constructers, repairers and defenders of the body are diverse in form and function. What controls MΦ phenotype is beginning to be understood and involves a complex interplay of origination, location and microenvironment. Common to all MΦ developmental pathways are pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. MΦs respond to these bioactives in distinct ways developing recently recognized activation phenotypes that canonically support bacterial clearance (classical activation), parasite defense/tissue repair (alternative activation) and anti-inflammation (deactivation). Critically, the same cytokines which orchestrate immune defense and homeostasis dramatically impact sense of well being and cognition by eliciting sickness symptoms. Such behaviors are the manifestation of pro/anti-inflammatory cytokine action in the brain and are a direct consequence of MΦ function. This review describes the “new” archetypal MΦ activation states, delineates microglia phenotypic plasticity and explores the importance of these macrophage activation states to sickness behavior.
ISSN:0306-4530
1873-3360
DOI:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.07.002