Homophily and Contagion Are Generically Confounded in Observational Social Network Studies

• Published in: Sociological methods & research 2011-05, Vol.40 (2), p.211-239
• Main Authors: Shalizi, Cosma Rohilla, Thomas, Andrew C.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Affinity; Causal inference; Causality; Choices; Contagion; Contagion theory; Covariance; History, theory and methodology; Homophily; Imitation; Individual behaviour; Influence; Methodology; Network analysis; Social contagion; Social Influence; Social integration. Social relations. Social participation; Social Networks; Social organization. Social system. Social structure; Social Processes; Sociology
• ISSN: 0049-1241; 1552-8294
• DOI: 10.1177/0049124111404820

The authors consider processes on social networks that can potentially involve three factors: homophily, or the formation of social ties due to matching individual traits; social contagion, also known as social influence; and the causal effect of an individual’s covariates on his or her behavior or other measurable responses. The authors show that generically, all of these are confounded with each other. Distinguishing them from one another requires strong assumptions on the parametrization of the social process or on the adequacy of the covariates used (or both). In particular the authors demonstrate, with simple examples, that asymmetries in regression coefficients cannot identify causal effects and that very simple models of imitation (a form of social contagion) can produce substantial correlations between an individual’s enduring traits and his or her choices, even when there is no intrinsic affinity between them. The authors also suggest some possible constructive responses to these results.