Metal-directed, chemically tunable assembly of one-, two- and three-dimensional crystalline protein arrays

• Published in: Nature chemistry 2012-03, Vol.4 (5), p.375-382
• Main Authors: Brodin, Jeffrey D., Ambroggio, X. I., Tang, Chunyan, Parent, Kristin N., Baker, Timothy S., Tezcan, F. Akif
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 639/638/298/923/966; 639/638/92/612; Analytical Chemistry; Biochemistry; Chemistry; Chemistry and Materials Science; Chemistry/Food Science; Crystallization; Crystallography; Cytochrome; Design; Heterogeneity; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Inorganic Chemistry; Metal concentrations; Metals; Methods; Nanotechnology; Nanotubes; Organic Chemistry; Physical Chemistry; Protein Multimerization; Proteins; Proteins - chemistry
• ISSN: 1755-4330; 1755-4349
• DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1290

Proteins represent the most sophisticated building blocks available to an organism and to the laboratory chemist. Yet, in contrast to nearly all other types of molecular building blocks, the designed self-assembly of proteins has largely been inaccessible because of the chemical and structural heterogeneity of protein surfaces. To circumvent the challenge of programming extensive non-covalent interactions to control protein self-assembly, we have previously exploited the directionality and strength of metal coordination interactions to guide the formation of closed, homoligomeric protein assemblies. Here, we extend this strategy to the generation of periodic protein arrays. We show that a monomeric protein with properly oriented coordination motifs on its surface can arrange, on metal binding, into one-dimensional nanotubes and two- or three-dimensional crystalline arrays with dimensions that collectively span nearly the entire nano- and micrometre scale. The assembly of these arrays is tuned predictably by external stimuli, such as metal concentration and pH. The self-assembly of proteins into ordered yet dynamic nanoscale architectures is a crucial biological process and an inspiration for supramolecular chemistry, but has remained largely inaccessible synthetically. A monomeric protein has now been prepared that assembles with zinc ions into one-, two- and three-dimensional crystalline arrays with nano- and microscale order.