Isolation, Characterization, and Differentiation of Stem Cells for Cartilage Regeneration

The goal of tissue engineering is to create a functional replacement for tissues damaged by injury or disease. In many cases, impaired tissues cannot provide viable cells, leading to the investigation of stem cells as a possible alternative. Cartilage, in particular, may benefit from the use of stem...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Annals of biomedical engineering 2012-10, Vol.40 (10), p.2079-2097
Main Authors: Beane, Olivia S., Darling, Eric M.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adult
Biochemistry
Biological and Medical Physics
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering
Biomedicine
Biophysics
Bone marrow
Cartilage - cytology
Cell Separation - methods
Chondrogenesis
Classical Mechanics
Comparative studies
Growth factors
Humans
Regeneration
Stem cells
Stem Cells - cytology
Tissue Engineering - methods
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Summary:The goal of tissue engineering is to create a functional replacement for tissues damaged by injury or disease. In many cases, impaired tissues cannot provide viable cells, leading to the investigation of stem cells as a possible alternative. Cartilage, in particular, may benefit from the use of stem cells since the tissue has low cellularity and cannot effectively repair itself. To address this need, researchers are investigating the chondrogenic capabilities of several multipotent stem cell sources, including adult and extra-embryonic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Comparative studies indicate that each cell type has advantages and disadvantages, and while direct comparisons are difficult to make, published data suggest some sources may be more promising for cartilage regeneration than others. In this review, we identify current approaches for isolating and chondrogenically differentiating MSCs from bone marrow, fat, synovium, muscle, and peripheral blood, as well as cells from extra-embryonic tissues, ESCs, and iPSCs. Additionally, we assess chondrogenic induction with growth factors, identifying standard cocktails used for each stem cell type. Cell-only (pellet) and scaffold-based studies are also included, as is a discussion of in vivo results.
ISSN:0090-6964
1573-9686
1521-6047
DOI:10.1007/s10439-012-0639-8