Biomarkers and Molecular Probes for Cell Death Imaging and Targeted Therapeutics

Cell death is a critically important biological process. Disruption of homeostasis, either by excessive or deficient cell death, is a hallmark of many pathological conditions. Recent research advances have greatly increased our molecular understanding of cell death and its role in a range of disease...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Bioconjugate chemistry 2012-10, Vol.23 (10), p.1989-2006
Main Authors: Smith, Bryan A, Smith, Bradley D
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Apoptosis
Biomarkers
Biomarkers - metabolism
Cell Death
Homeostasis
Humans
Medical imaging
Molecular Imaging - methods
Molecular Probes - metabolism
Molecular Targeted Therapy - methods
Pathology
Therapy
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Summary:Cell death is a critically important biological process. Disruption of homeostasis, either by excessive or deficient cell death, is a hallmark of many pathological conditions. Recent research advances have greatly increased our molecular understanding of cell death and its role in a range of diseases and therapeutic treatments. Central to these ongoing research and clinical efforts is the need for imaging technologies that can locate and identify cell death in a wide array of in vitro and in vivo biomedical samples with varied spatiotemporal requirements. This review article summarizes community efforts over the past five years to identify useful biomarkers for dead and dying cells, and to develop molecular probes that target these biomarkers for optical, radionuclear, or magnetic resonance imaging. Apoptosis biomarkers are classified as either intracellular (caspase enzymes, mitochondrial membrane potential, cytosolic proteins) or extracellular (plasma membrane phospholipids, membrane potential, surface exposed histones). Necrosis, autophagy, and senescence biomarkers are described, as well as unexplored cell death biomarkers. The article discusses possible chemotherapeutic and theranostic strategies, and concludes with a summary of current challenges and expected eventual rewards of clinical cell death imaging.
ISSN:1043-1802
1520-4812
DOI:10.1021/bc3003309