Evaluation of the microangiographic fluoroscope (MAF) using generalized system performance metrics

• Published in: Medical physics (Lancaster) 2013-03, Vol.40 (3), p.031915-n/a
• Main Authors: Jain, Amit, Bednarek, Daniel R., Rudin, Stephen
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Angiography - instrumentation; Angiography - methods; caesium compounds; CCD detector; CESIUM COMPOUNDS; COMPARATIVE EVALUATIONS; Coronary Vessels - diagnostic imaging; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents; Devices sensitive to very short wavelength, e.g. x‐rays, gamma‐rays or corpuscular radiation; diagnostic radiography; Digital computing or data processing equipment or methods, specially adapted for specific applications; Display devices; DISTRIBUTION; DQE; Fluoroscopy - instrumentation; Fluoroscopy - methods; GDQE; GMTF; Head; Image data processing or generation, in general; Image detection systems; Image enhancement or restoration, e.g. from bit‐mapped to bit‐mapped creating a similar image; IMAGE PROCESSING; image restoration; Image sensors; INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; linear systems; Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent, materials; MAF; Medical image noise; medical image processing; Medical image quality; Medical imaging; microangiography; Microvessels - diagnostic imaging; Modulation transfer functions; MTF; PHANTOMS; Phantoms, Imaging; PHOSPHORS; QUANTUM EFFICIENCY; Quantum noise; Radiation Imaging Physics; Radiography; Reconstruction; Stents; THIN FILMS; TRANSFER FUNCTIONS; Transforming x‐rays; X-RAY DETECTION; X-RAY SPECTRA; X‐ and γ‐ray sources, mirrors, gratings, and detectors; X‐ray scattering; X‐ray technique
• ISSN: 0094-2405; 2473-4209; 0094-2405
• DOI: 10.1118/1.4792460

Purpose: The performance of a newly developed, high resolution, microangiographic fluoroscope (MAF) (35μm pixel pitch and 300 μm thick CsI phosphor) was evaluated using a generalized linear system analysis and compared with that of a standard amorphous Si thin film transistor flat panel detector (FPD) (194 μm pixel pitch and 600 μm thick CsI phosphor). The linear system metrics such as modulation transfer function (MTF), noise power spectrum, and detection quantum efficiency (DQE) are commonly used to gauge the intrinsic detector performance in the detector plane. However, these linear system metrics do not provide information about the image receptor performance in a real system since they do not include the effects of other parameters such as focal spot distribution, scatter radiation, and geometric unsharpness, which may compromise detector performance characteristics. Use of generalized linear system metrics [generalized modulation transfer function (GMTF), generalized normalized noise power spectrum (GNNPS), and generalized detection quantum efficiency (GDQE)] that include these effects gives a more meaningful, complete, and appropriate evaluation of detector performance as part of the imaging system. Methods: A uniform head equivalent phantom was used to simulate realistic clinical parameters and x-ray spectra. The detector MTFs were measured using the slanted edge method and the focal spot MTFs were measured using a pinhole assembly. The scatter MTF was simulated and the scatter fraction was measured for a head-equivalent phantom. The generalized system metrics were calculated for different combinations of three choices of focal spots and three different magnifications with two different air-gaps. The performance of the MAF was also illustrated using stent images obtained with different focal spots under similar conditions. Results: Results for the generalized metrics provide a quantitative description of the performance of the imaging system for both detectors. This generalized analysis demonstrated that both detectors have similar imaging capabilities at lower spatial frequencies, but that the MAF has superior performance over the FPD at higher frequencies even when considering focal spot blurring and scatter. Conclusions: This generalized performance analysis demonstrates the significance of focal spot size, magnification, and scatter on the system performance metrics (GMTF, GNNPS, and GDQE). Although the ideal detector performance characteristic