Norovirus outbreaks: a systematic review of commonly implicated transmission routes and vehicles

Causal mechanisms of norovirus outbreaks are often not revealed. Understanding the transmission route (e.g. foodborne, waterborne, or environmental) and vehicle (e.g. shellfish or recreational water) of a norovirus outbreak, however, is of great public health importance; this information can facilit...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Epidemiology and infection 2013-08, Vol.141 (8), p.1563-1571
Main Authors: BITLER, E. J., MATTHEWS, J. E., DICKEY, B. W., EISENBERG, J. N. S., LEON, J. S.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Biological and medical sciences
Caliciviridae Infections - epidemiology
Caliciviridae Infections - transmission
Caliciviridae Infections - virology
Disease Outbreaks
Epidemics
Food contamination & poisoning
Food Microbiology
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Gastroenteritis - epidemiology
Gastroenteritis - virology
Humans
Incidence
Microbiology
Miscellaneous
Multivariate Analysis
Norovirus
Norovirus - genetics
Norovirus - physiology
Shellfish
Systematic Review
Variables
Vehicles
Virology
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Summary:Causal mechanisms of norovirus outbreaks are often not revealed. Understanding the transmission route (e.g. foodborne, waterborne, or environmental) and vehicle (e.g. shellfish or recreational water) of a norovirus outbreak, however, is of great public health importance; this information can facilitate interventions for an ongoing outbreak and regulatory action to limit future outbreaks. Towards this goal, we conducted a systematic review to examine whether published outbreak information was associated with the implicated transmission route or vehicle. Genogroup distribution was associated with transmission route and food vehicle, but attack rate and the presence of GII.4 strain were not associated with transmission route, food vehicle, or water vehicle. Attack rate, genogroup distribution, and GII.4 strain distribution also varied by other outbreak characteristics (e.g. setting, season, hemisphere). These relationships suggest that different genogroups exploit different environmental conditions and thereby can be used to predict the likelihood of various transmission routes or vehicles.
ISSN:0950-2688
1469-4409
DOI:10.1017/S095026881300006X