A review of vaccine approaches for West Nile virus

The West Nile virus (WNC) first appeared in North America in 1999. The North American lineages of WNV were characterized by the presence of neuroinvasive and neurovirulent strains causing disease and death in humans, birds and horses. The 2012 WNV season in the United States saw a massive spike in t...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of environmental research and public health 2013-09, Vol.10 (9), p.4200-4223
Main Authors: Iyer, Arun V, Kousoulas, Konstantin G
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Biological products
Bird Diseases - epidemiology
Bird Diseases - transmission
Birds
Culex - virology
Glycoproteins
Horse Diseases - epidemiology
Horse Diseases - transmission
Horses
Humans
Review
Vaccines
West Nile Fever - epidemiology
West Nile Fever - prevention & control
West Nile Fever - transmission
West Nile Fever - veterinary
West Nile virus
West Nile virus - immunology
West Nile Virus Vaccines
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Description
Summary:The West Nile virus (WNC) first appeared in North America in 1999. The North American lineages of WNV were characterized by the presence of neuroinvasive and neurovirulent strains causing disease and death in humans, birds and horses. The 2012 WNV season in the United States saw a massive spike in the number of neuroinvasive cases and deaths similar to what was seen in the 2002-2003 season, according to the West Nile virus disease cases and deaths reported to the CDC by year and clinical presentation, 1999-2012, by ArboNET (Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). In addition, the establishment and recent spread of lineage II WNV virus strains into Western Europe and the presence of neurovirulent and neuroinvasive strains among them is a cause of major concern. This review discusses the advances in the development of vaccines and biologicals to combat human and veterinary West Nile disease.
ISSN:1660-4601
1661-7827
1660-4601
DOI:10.3390/ijerph10094200