Molecular mechanism(s) of endocrine‐disrupting chemicals and their potent oestrogenicity in diverse cells and tissues that express oestrogen receptors

• Published in: Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 2013-01, Vol.17 (1), p.1-11
• Main Authors: Lee, Hye‐Rim, Jeung, Eui‐Bae, Cho, Myung‐Haing, Kim, Tae‐Hee, Leung, Peter C. K., Choi, Kyung‐Chul
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Androgen receptors; Androgens; Biomarkers; Bisphenol A; Breast cancer; Chemicals; Disruption; Endocrine disruptors; Endocrine Disruptors - toxicity; Endocrine system; endocrine‐disrupting chemicals; Environmental Pollutants - toxicity; Female; Females; Gene expression; Gene Expression Regulation; Genetic Fitness - drug effects; Gonadal Steroid Hormones - antagonists & inhibitors; Gonadal Steroid Hormones - genetics; Gonadal Steroid Hormones - metabolism; Homeostasis; Hormones; Humans; Immune system; Male; Males; Menopause; Metabolism; oestrogen receptor; oestrogenicity; Organs; Ovarian cancer; Ovary - cytology; Ovary - drug effects; Ovary - metabolism; Pesticides; Phenols; Pituitary gland; Progesterone; Proteins; Public health; Receptors, Androgen - genetics; Receptors, Androgen - metabolism; Receptors, Estrogen - agonists; Receptors, Estrogen - antagonists & inhibitors; Receptors, Estrogen - genetics; Receptors, Estrogen - metabolism; Receptors, Progesterone - agonists; Receptors, Progesterone - antagonists & inhibitors; Receptors, Progesterone - genetics; Receptors, Progesterone - metabolism; Reproduction - drug effects; Reproductive organs; Reviews; Sexual behavior; Signal transduction; Signal Transduction - drug effects; Steroid hormone receptors; Steroids; Testis - cytology; Testis - drug effects; Testis - metabolism; Toxicity; Toxicology; Womens health
• ISSN: 1582-1838; 1582-4934
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01649.x

Endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are natural or synthetic compounds present in the environment which can interfere with hormone synthesis and normal physiological functions of male and female reproductive organs. Most EDCs tend to bind to steroid hormone receptors including the oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and androgen receptor (AR). As EDCs disrupt the actions of endogenous hormones, they may induce abnormal reproduction, stimulation of cancer growth, dysfunction of neuronal and immune system. Although EDCs represent a significant public health concern, there are no standard methods to determine effect of EDCs on human beings. The mechanisms underlying adverse actions of EDC exposure are not clearly understood. In this review, we highlighted the toxicology of EDCs and its effect on human health, including reproductive development in males and females as shown in in vitro and in vivo models. In addition, this review brings attention to the toxicity of EDCs via interaction of genomic and non‐genomic signalling pathways through hormone receptors.