The fibrotic microenvironment as a heterogeneity facet of hepatocellular carcinoma

It has long been recognized that hepatocellular carcinoma heterogeneity arises from variation in the microenvironment or from genomic alteration. Only recently it has become clear that non-genetic alterations, such as cytoskeletal rearrangement, protein localization and formation of protein complexe...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Fibrogenesis & tissue repair 2013-09, Vol.6 (1), p.17-17, Article 17
Main Authors: Rombouts, Krista, Carloni, Vinicio
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Cancer
Care and treatment
Cellular control mechanisms
Cytokines
Epigenetic inheritance
Epigenetics
Evolution & development
Hepatoma
Insulin-like growth factors
Integrins
Kinases
Liver
Liver cancer
Proteins
Review
Rodents
Tumors
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Summary:It has long been recognized that hepatocellular carcinoma heterogeneity arises from variation in the microenvironment or from genomic alteration. Only recently it has become clear that non-genetic alterations, such as cytoskeletal rearrangement, protein localization and formation of protein complexes, are also involved in generating phenotype variability. These proteome fluctuations cause genetically identical cells to vary significantly in their responsiveness to microenvironment stimuli. In the cirrhotic liver pre-malignant hepatocytes are continuously exposed to abnormal microenvironments, such as direct contact with activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and extracellular matrix components. These abnormal environments can have pronounced influences on the epigenetic aspects of cells, translating into abnormal phenotypes. Here we discuss non-genetic causes of phenotypic heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma, with an emphasis on variability of membrane protein complexes and transferred functions raising important implications for diagnosis and treatment.
ISSN:1755-1536
1755-1536
DOI:10.1186/1755-1536-6-17