Inflammation and the two-hit hypothesis of schizophrenia

The high societal and individual cost of schizophrenia necessitates finding better, more effective treatment, diagnosis, and prevention strategies. One of the obstacles in this endeavor is the diverse set of etiologies that comprises schizophrenia. A substantial body of evidence has grown over the l...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews 2014-01, Vol.38, p.72-93
Main Authors: FEIGENSON, Keith A, KUSNECOV, Alex W, SILVERSTEIN, Steven M
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adult and adolescent clinical studies
Animals
Behavioral psychophysiology
Biological and medical sciences
Comorbidity
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Humans
Inflammation - epidemiology
Inflammation - physiopathology
Medical sciences
Models, Immunological
Models, Neurological
Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry
Psychology. Psychophysiology
Psychopathology. Psychiatry
Psychoses
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia - epidemiology
Schizophrenia - immunology
Schizophrenia - therapy
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Summary:The high societal and individual cost of schizophrenia necessitates finding better, more effective treatment, diagnosis, and prevention strategies. One of the obstacles in this endeavor is the diverse set of etiologies that comprises schizophrenia. A substantial body of evidence has grown over the last few decades to suggest that schizophrenia is a heterogeneous syndrome with overlapping symptoms and etiologies. At the same time, an increasing number of clinical, epidemiological, and experimental studies have shown links between schizophrenia and inflammatory conditions. In this review, we analyze the literature on inflammation and schizophrenia, with a particular focus on comorbidity, biomarkers, and environmental insults. We then identify several mechanisms by which inflammation could influence the development of schizophrenia via the two-hit hypothesis. Lastly, we note the relevance of these findings to clinical applications in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of schizophrenia.
ISSN:0149-7634
1873-7528
DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.11.006