Value of Plasmodium falciparum Histidine-Rich Protein 2 Level and Malaria Retinopathy in Distinguishing Cerebral Malaria From Other Acute Encephalopathies in Kenyan Children

• Published in: The Journal of infectious diseases 2014-02, Vol.209 (4), p.600-609
• Main Authors: Kariuki, Symon M., Gitau, Evelyn, Gwer, Samson, Karanja, Henry K., Chengo, Eddie, Kazungu, Michael, Urban, Britta C., Newton, Charles R. J. C.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Antigens, Protozoan - blood; Biological and medical sciences; Blood plasma; Cerebral malaria; Chi-Square Distribution; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Encephalopathies; Falciparum malaria; Female; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Hemorrhage; Human protozoal diseases; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Infectious diseases; Life cycle. Host-agent relationship. Pathogenesis; Logistic regression; Major and Brief Reports; Malaria; Malaria, Cerebral - blood; Malaria, Cerebral - diagnosis; Malaria, Falciparum - blood; Malaria, Falciparum - diagnosis; Male; Medical sciences; Microbiology; Ophthalmoscopy; Parasitemia; Parasites; Parasitic diseases; Prospective Studies; Protozoa; Protozoal diseases; Protozoan Proteins - blood; Retinal Diseases - blood; Retinal Diseases - epidemiology
• ISSN: 0022-1899; 1537-6613
• DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit500

Background. The diagnosis of cerebral malaria is problematic in malaria-endemic areas because encephalopathy in patients with parasitemia may have another cause. Abnormal retinal findings are thought to increase the specificity of the diagnosis, and the level of histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) may reflect the parasite biomass. Methods. We examined the retina and measured plasma HRP2 levels in children with acute nontraumatic encephalopathy in Kenya. Logistic regression, with HRP2 level as an independent variable and World Health Organization-defined cerebral malaria and/or retinopathy as the outcome, was used to calculate malaria-attributable fractions (MAFs) and retinopathy-attributable fractions (RAFs). Results. Of 270 children, 140 (52%) had peripheral parasitemia, 80 (30%) had malaria retinopathy, and 164 (61%) had an HRP2 level of >0 U/mL. During 2006-2011, the incidence of HRP2 positivity among admitted children declined by 49 cases per 100 000 per year (a 78% reduction). An HRP2 level of >0 U/mL had a MAF of 93% for cerebral malaria, with a MAF of 97% observed for HRP2 levels of ≥10 U/mL (the level of the best combined sensitivity and specificity). HRP2 levels of >0 U/mL had a RAF of 77% for features of retinopathy combined, with the highest RAFs for macular whitening (99%), peripheral whitening (98%), and hemorrhages (90%). Conclusion. HRP2 has a high attributable fraction for features of malarial retinopathy, supporting its use in the diagnosis of cerebral malaria. HRP2 thresholds improve the specificity of the definition.