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Deriving site-specific soil clean-up values for metals and metalloids: Rationale for including protection of soil microbial processes

ABSTRACT Although it is widely recognized that microorganisms are essential for sustaining soil fertility, structure, nutrient cycling, groundwater purification, and other soil functions, soil microbial toxicity data were excluded from the derivation of Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco‐SSL) in...

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Published in:Integrated environmental assessment and management 2014-07, Vol.10 (3), p.388-400
Main Authors: Kuperman, Roman G, Siciliano, Steven D, Römbke, Jörg, Oorts, Koen
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description ABSTRACT Although it is widely recognized that microorganisms are essential for sustaining soil fertility, structure, nutrient cycling, groundwater purification, and other soil functions, soil microbial toxicity data were excluded from the derivation of Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco‐SSL) in the United States. Among the reasons for such exclusion were claims that microbial toxicity tests were too difficult to interpret because of the high variability of microbial responses, uncertainty regarding the relevance of the various endpoints, and functional redundancy. Since the release of the first draft of the Eco‐SSL Guidance document by the US Environmental Protection Agency in 2003, soil microbial toxicity testing and its use in ecological risk assessments have substantially improved. A wide range of standardized and nonstandardized methods became available for testing chemical toxicity to microbial functions in soil. Regulatory frameworks in the European Union and Australia have successfully incorporated microbial toxicity data into the derivation of soil threshold concentrations for ecological risk assessments. This article provides the 3‐part rationale for including soil microbial processes in the development of soil clean‐up values (SCVs): 1) presenting a brief overview of relevant test methods for assessing microbial functions in soil, 2) examining data sets for Cu, Ni, Zn, and Mo that incorporated soil microbial toxicity data into regulatory frameworks, and 3) offering recommendations on how to integrate the best available science into the method development for deriving site‐specific SCVs that account for bioavailability of metals and metalloids in soil. Although the primary focus of this article is on the development of the approach for deriving SCVs for metals and metalloids in the United States, the recommendations provided in this article may also be applicable in other jurisdictions that aim at developing ecological soil threshold values for protection of microbial processes in contaminated soils. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10:388–400. © 2014 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. Key Points This article presents an overview of relevant test methods for assessing microbial functions in soil, and examines soil microbial toxicity data sets for Cu, Ni, Zn, and Mo that have been incorporated into regulatory frameworks High natural spatial and temporal variat
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Among the reasons for such exclusion were claims that microbial toxicity tests were too difficult to interpret because of the high variability of microbial responses, uncertainty regarding the relevance of the various endpoints, and functional redundancy. Since the release of the first draft of the Eco‐SSL Guidance document by the US Environmental Protection Agency in 2003, soil microbial toxicity testing and its use in ecological risk assessments have substantially improved. A wide range of standardized and nonstandardized methods became available for testing chemical toxicity to microbial functions in soil. Regulatory frameworks in the European Union and Australia have successfully incorporated microbial toxicity data into the derivation of soil threshold concentrations for ecological risk assessments. This article provides the 3‐part rationale for including soil microbial processes in the development of soil clean‐up values (SCVs): 1) presenting a brief overview of relevant test methods for assessing microbial functions in soil, 2) examining data sets for Cu, Ni, Zn, and Mo that incorporated soil microbial toxicity data into regulatory frameworks, and 3) offering recommendations on how to integrate the best available science into the method development for deriving site‐specific SCVs that account for bioavailability of metals and metalloids in soil. Although the primary focus of this article is on the development of the approach for deriving SCVs for metals and metalloids in the United States, the recommendations provided in this article may also be applicable in other jurisdictions that aim at developing ecological soil threshold values for protection of microbial processes in contaminated soils. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10:388–400. © 2014 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. Key Points This article presents an overview of relevant test methods for assessing microbial functions in soil, and examines soil microbial toxicity data sets for Cu, Ni, Zn, and Mo that have been incorporated into regulatory frameworks High natural spatial and temporal variation of microbial biomass, and its potential for functional redundancy and adaptation to elevated contaminant concentrations, did not compromise the relevance and utility of functional endpoints for ecosystem protection. Incorporating microbial endpoints into regulatory frameworks resulted in calculated hazardous concentration values similar to those calculated without, increased the confidence associated with these values, and provided a statistically more robust determination of an ecological soil standard. 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Psychology ; Groundwater ; Integrated environmental assessment ; Invertebrates - drug effects ; Jurisdiction ; Metal ; Metalloids ; Metalloids - standards ; Metalloids - toxicity ; Metals ; Metals, Heavy - standards ; Metals, Heavy - toxicity ; Microbial contamination ; Microbial processes ; Microorganisms ; Nutrient cycles ; Plants - drug effects ; Redundancy ; Risk Assessment ; Soil ; Soil (material) ; Soil chemistry ; Soil contamination ; Soil fertility ; Soil improvement ; Soil Microbiology ; Soil microorganisms ; Soil Pollutants - standards ; Soil Pollutants - toxicity ; Soil pollution ; Soil structure ; Soil testing ; Special Series: Ecological Soil Clean-up Values for Metals; Guest Editor: Anne Fairbrother ; Test methods ; Thresholds ; Toxicity ; Toxicity testing ; Toxicity tests ; Water purification</subject><ispartof>Integrated environmental assessment and management, 2014-07, Vol.10 (3), p.388-400</ispartof><rights>2014 The Authors. 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subjects Animal, plant and microbial ecology
Animals
Applied ecology
Bioavailability
Biological and medical sciences
Cleaning
Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife
Derivation
Ecological risk assessment
Ecology
Environmental assessment
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental management
Environmental protection
Environmental Restoration and Remediation - standards
Functionals
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Groundwater
Integrated environmental assessment
Invertebrates - drug effects
Jurisdiction
Metal
Metalloids
Metalloids - standards
Metalloids - toxicity
Metals
Metals, Heavy - standards
Metals, Heavy - toxicity
Microbial contamination
Microbial processes
Microorganisms
Nutrient cycles
Plants - drug effects
Redundancy
Risk Assessment
Soil
Soil (material)
Soil chemistry
Soil contamination
Soil fertility
Soil improvement
Soil Microbiology
Soil microorganisms
Soil Pollutants - standards
Soil Pollutants - toxicity
Soil pollution
Soil structure
Soil testing
Special Series: Ecological Soil Clean-up Values for Metals
Guest Editor: Anne Fairbrother
Test methods
Thresholds
Toxicity
Toxicity testing
Toxicity tests
Water purification
title Deriving site-specific soil clean-up values for metals and metalloids: Rationale for including protection of soil microbial processes
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