A Combined Approach to Assess the Microbial Contamination of the Archimedes Palimpsest

A combined approach, using molecular and microscopic techniques, was used to identify the microbiota associated with the Archimedes Palimpsest, an unusual parchment manuscript. SEM analyses revealed the microbial damage to the collagen fibers and the presence of characteristic cell chains typical of...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Microbial ecology 2015-01, Vol.69 (1), p.118-134
Main Authors: Piñar, Guadalupe, Sterflinger, Katja, Ettenauer, Jörg, Quandt, Abigail, Pinzari, Flavia
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Acinetobacter
Actinobacteria
Actinobacteria - classification
Actinobacteria - genetics
Bacteria
Biodiversity
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Cladosporium
Ecology
ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
Fibers
Fungi - classification
Fungi - genetics
Geoecology/Natural Processes
Life Sciences
Microbial contamination
Microbial Ecology
Microbiology
Mucor
Nature Conservation
Nocardiopsis
Proteobacteria
Proteobacteria - classification
Proteobacteria - genetics
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S - genetics
Water Quality/Water Pollution
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Summary:A combined approach, using molecular and microscopic techniques, was used to identify the microbiota associated with the Archimedes Palimpsest, an unusual parchment manuscript. SEM analyses revealed the microbial damage to the collagen fibers and the presence of characteristic cell chains typical of filamentous bacteria and fungal spores. Molecular analysis confirmed a homogeneous bacterial community colonizing the manuscript. The phyla Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were associated with this ancient parchment; the sequences were most related to uncultured clones detected in the human skin microbiome and in ephitelium, and to cultivated species of the genera Acinetobacter and Nocardiopsis. Nevertheless, a great variation was observed among the different sampled areas indicating fungal diversity. Blumeria spp. dominated in the healthy areas of the parchment while degraded areas showed disparate fungal communities, with dominant members of the genera Mucor and Cladosporium. In addition, the quantification of the β-actin gene by real-time PCR analyses (qPCR) revealed a higher fungal abundance on degraded areas than on the healthy ones.
ISSN:0095-3628
1432-184X
DOI:10.1007/s00248-014-0481-7