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Handedness and the X chromosome: The role of androgen receptor CAG-repeat length
Prenatal androgen exposure has been suggested to be one of the factors influencing handedness, making the androgen receptor gene (AR) a likely candidate gene for individual differences in handedness. Here, we examined the relationship between the length of the CAG-repeat in AR and different handedne...
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Published in: | Scientific reports 2015-02, Vol.5 (1), p.8325-8325, Article 8325 |
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creator | Arning, Larissa Ocklenburg, Sebastian Schulz, Stefanie Ness, Vanessa Gerding, Wanda M. Hengstler, Jan G. Falkenstein, Michael Epplen, Jörg T. Güntürkün, Onur Beste, Christian |
description | Prenatal androgen exposure has been suggested to be one of the factors influencing handedness, making the androgen receptor gene (AR) a likely candidate gene for individual differences in handedness. Here, we examined the relationship between the length of the CAG-repeat in AR and different handedness phenotypes in a sample of healthy adults of both sexes (n = 1057). Since AR is located on the X chromosome, statistical analyses in women heterozygous for CAG-repeat lengths are complicated by X chromosome inactivation. We thus analyzed a sample of women that were homozygous for the CAG-repeat length (n = 77). Mixed-handedness in men was significantly associated with longer CAG-repeat blocks and women homozygous for longer CAG-repeats showed a tendency for stronger left-handedness. These results suggest that handedness in both sexes is associated with the AR CAG-repeat length, with longer repeats being related to a higher incidence of non-right-handedness. Since longer CAG-repeat blocks have been linked to less efficient AR function, these results implicate that differences in AR signaling in the developing brain might be one of the factors that determine individual differences in brain lateralization. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1038/srep08325 |
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Here, we examined the relationship between the length of the CAG-repeat in AR and different handedness phenotypes in a sample of healthy adults of both sexes (n = 1057). Since AR is located on the X chromosome, statistical analyses in women heterozygous for CAG-repeat lengths are complicated by X chromosome inactivation. We thus analyzed a sample of women that were homozygous for the CAG-repeat length (n = 77). Mixed-handedness in men was significantly associated with longer CAG-repeat blocks and women homozygous for longer CAG-repeats showed a tendency for stronger left-handedness. These results suggest that handedness in both sexes is associated with the AR CAG-repeat length, with longer repeats being related to a higher incidence of non-right-handedness. Since longer CAG-repeat blocks have been linked to less efficient AR function, these results implicate that differences in AR signaling in the developing brain might be one of the factors that determine individual differences in brain lateralization.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2045-2322</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2045-2322</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/srep08325</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25659367</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: Nature Publishing Group UK</publisher><subject>631/208/1515 ; 631/208/205 ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Androgen receptors ; Androgens ; Chromosomes ; Chromosomes, Human, X ; Female ; Functional Laterality - genetics ; Genotype ; Handedness ; Hemispheric laterality ; Humanities and Social Sciences ; Humans ; Inactivation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; multidisciplinary ; Phenotype ; Polyglutamine ; Prenatal experience ; Receptors, Androgen - genetics ; Science ; Sex Factors ; Statistical analysis ; Trinucleotide Repeats ; X chromosomes ; X-chromosome inactivation ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Scientific reports, 2015-02, Vol.5 (1), p.8325-8325, Article 8325</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2015</rights><rights>Copyright Nature Publishing Group Feb 2015</rights><rights>Copyright © 2015, Macmillan Publishers Limited. 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Here, we examined the relationship between the length of the CAG-repeat in AR and different handedness phenotypes in a sample of healthy adults of both sexes (n = 1057). Since AR is located on the X chromosome, statistical analyses in women heterozygous for CAG-repeat lengths are complicated by X chromosome inactivation. We thus analyzed a sample of women that were homozygous for the CAG-repeat length (n = 77). Mixed-handedness in men was significantly associated with longer CAG-repeat blocks and women homozygous for longer CAG-repeats showed a tendency for stronger left-handedness. These results suggest that handedness in both sexes is associated with the AR CAG-repeat length, with longer repeats being related to a higher incidence of non-right-handedness. 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Scientific reports</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Arning, Larissa</au><au>Ocklenburg, Sebastian</au><au>Schulz, Stefanie</au><au>Ness, Vanessa</au><au>Gerding, Wanda M.</au><au>Hengstler, Jan G.</au><au>Falkenstein, Michael</au><au>Epplen, Jörg T.</au><au>Güntürkün, Onur</au><au>Beste, Christian</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Handedness and the X chromosome: The role of androgen receptor CAG-repeat length</atitle><jtitle>Scientific reports</jtitle><stitle>Sci Rep</stitle><addtitle>Sci Rep</addtitle><date>2015-02-09</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>5</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>8325</spage><epage>8325</epage><pages>8325-8325</pages><artnum>8325</artnum><issn>2045-2322</issn><eissn>2045-2322</eissn><abstract>Prenatal androgen exposure has been suggested to be one of the factors influencing handedness, making the androgen receptor gene (AR) a likely candidate gene for individual differences in handedness. Here, we examined the relationship between the length of the CAG-repeat in AR and different handedness phenotypes in a sample of healthy adults of both sexes (n = 1057). Since AR is located on the X chromosome, statistical analyses in women heterozygous for CAG-repeat lengths are complicated by X chromosome inactivation. We thus analyzed a sample of women that were homozygous for the CAG-repeat length (n = 77). Mixed-handedness in men was significantly associated with longer CAG-repeat blocks and women homozygous for longer CAG-repeats showed a tendency for stronger left-handedness. These results suggest that handedness in both sexes is associated with the AR CAG-repeat length, with longer repeats being related to a higher incidence of non-right-handedness. Since longer CAG-repeat blocks have been linked to less efficient AR function, these results implicate that differences in AR signaling in the developing brain might be one of the factors that determine individual differences in brain lateralization.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>Nature Publishing Group UK</pub><pmid>25659367</pmid><doi>10.1038/srep08325</doi><tpages>1</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | 631/208/1515 631/208/205 Adolescent Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Androgen receptors Androgens Chromosomes Chromosomes, Human, X Female Functional Laterality - genetics Genotype Handedness Hemispheric laterality Humanities and Social Sciences Humans Inactivation Male Middle Aged multidisciplinary Phenotype Polyglutamine Prenatal experience Receptors, Androgen - genetics Science Sex Factors Statistical analysis Trinucleotide Repeats X chromosomes X-chromosome inactivation Young Adult |
title | Handedness and the X chromosome: The role of androgen receptor CAG-repeat length |
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