Processing Scalar Implicature: A Constraint‐Based Approach

Three experiments investigated the processing of the implicature associated with some using a “gumball paradigm.” On each trial, participants saw an image of a gumball machine with an upper chamber with 13 gumballs and an empty lower chamber. Gumballs then dropped to the lower chamber and participan...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Cognitive science 2015-05, Vol.39 (4), p.667-710
Main Authors: Degen, Judith, Tanenhaus, Michael K.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Alternatives
Cognition
Cognition & reasoning
Comparative analysis
Comprehension
Cues
Experiments
Humans
Judgment
Language
Pragmatics
Quantifiers
Reaction Time
Scalar implicature
Semantics
Visualization
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Summary:Three experiments investigated the processing of the implicature associated with some using a “gumball paradigm.” On each trial, participants saw an image of a gumball machine with an upper chamber with 13 gumballs and an empty lower chamber. Gumballs then dropped to the lower chamber and participants evaluated statements, such as “You got some of the gumballs.” Experiment 1 established that some is less natural for reference to small sets (1, 2, and 3 of the 13 gumballs) and unpartitioned sets (all 13 gumballs) compared to intermediate sets (6–8). Partitive some of was less natural than simple some when used with the unpartitioned set. In Experiment 2, including exact number descriptions lowered naturalness ratings for some with small sets but not for intermediate size sets and the unpartitioned set. In Experiment 3, the naturalness ratings from Experiment 2 predicted response times. The results are interpreted as evidence for a Constraint‐Based account of scalar implicature processing and against both two‐stage, Literal‐First models and pragmatic Default models.
ISSN:0364-0213
1551-6709
DOI:10.1111/cogs.12171