Cellular and Extracellular Matrix Basis for Heterogeneity in Mitral Annular Contraction

• Published in: Cardiovascular engineering and technology 2015-06, Vol.6 (2), p.151-159
• Main Authors: Stephens, Elizabeth H., Fahrenholtz, Monica M., Connell, Patrick S., Timek, Tomasz A., Daughters, George T., Kuo, Joyce J., Patton, Aaron M., Ingels, Neil B., Miller, D. Craig, Grande-Allen, K. Jane
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Actins - metabolism; Animals; Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering; Biomedicine; Cardiac Valve Annuloplasty - instrumentation; Cardiology; Collagen - metabolism; Contrast Media - metabolism; Engineering; Extracellular Matrix - metabolism; Fibroblasts - cytology; Fibroblasts - physiology; Fluoroscopy - methods; Humans; Matrix Metalloproteinases - metabolism; Mitral Valve - cytology; Mitral Valve - metabolism; Mitral Valve - physiology; Mitral Valve Insufficiency - metabolism; Mitral Valve Insufficiency - pathology; Phenotype; Sheep - surgery
• ISSN: 1869-408X; 1869-4098
• DOI: 10.1007/s13239-014-0209-3

Regional heterogeneity in mitral annular contraction, which is generally ascribed to the fibrous vs. muscular annular composition, ensures proper leaflet motion and timing of coaptation. It is unknown whether the fibroblast-like cells in the annulus modulate this heterogeneity, even though valvular interstitial cells (VICs) can be mechanically “activated.” Fourteen sheep underwent implantation of radiopaque markers around the mitral annulus defining four segments: septal (SEPT), lateral (LAT), and anterior (ANT-C) and posterior (POST-C) commissures. Segmental annular contraction was calculated using biplane videofluoroscopy. Immunohistochemistry of annular cross sections assessed regional matrix content, matrix turnover, and cell phenotype. Micropipette aspiration measured the effective modulus of the leaflets adjacent to the myocardial border. Whereas SEPT contained more collagen I and III, LAT demonstrated more collagen and elastin turnover as shown by greater decorin, lysyl oxidase, and matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-13 and smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMaA). This greater matrix turnover paralleled greater annular contraction in LAT vs. SEPT (22.5 vs. 4.1%). Similarly, POST-C had more SMaA and MMP13 than ANT-C, consistent with greater annular contraction in POST-C (18.8 vs. 11.1%). Interestingly, POST-C had the greatest effective modulus, significantly higher than LAT. These data suggest that matrix turnover by activated VICs relates to annular motion heterogeneity, maintains steady-state mechanical properties in the annulus, and could be a therapeutic target when annular motion is impaired. Conversely, alterations in this heterogeneous annular contraction, whether through disease or secondary to ring annuloplasty, could disrupt this normal pattern of cell-mediated matrix remodeling and further adversely impact mitral valve function.