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Do holes in long-lasting insecticidal nets compromise their efficacy against pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus? Results from a release-recapture study in experimental huts
Resistance of malaria vectors to pyrethroids threatens the effectiveness of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) as a tool for malaria control. Recent experimental hut and observational studies in Benin show that pyrethroid resistance reduces the insecticidal effect and personal protection of LLIN...
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Published in: | Malaria journal 2015-08, Vol.14 (1), p.332-332, Article 332 |
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description | Resistance of malaria vectors to pyrethroids threatens the effectiveness of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) as a tool for malaria control. Recent experimental hut and observational studies in Benin show that pyrethroid resistance reduces the insecticidal effect and personal protection of LLINs especially when they become torn. The World Health Organization has proposed a threshold for when nets are "too torn" at 1,000 cm(2) for rectangular holes and 790 cm(2) for round holes. This study examines whether there is a threshold above which LLINs no longer reduce malaria transmission.
Intact and artificially-holed LLINs under three months old and untreated nets were tested by releasing mosquitoes from a susceptible Anopheles gambiae colony, a pyrethroid-resistant An. gambiae population and a resistant Culex quinquefasciatus population in closed experimental huts in Southern Benin, West Africa. The efficacy of LLINs and untreated nets was evaluated in terms of protection against blood feeding, insecticidal effect and potential effect on malaria transmission.
Personal protection by both LLINs and untreated nets decreased exponentially with increasing holed surface area, without evidence for a specific threshold beyond which LLINs could be considered as ineffective. The insecticidal effect of LLINs was lower in resistant mosquitoes than in susceptible mosquitoes, but holed surface area had little or no impact on the insecticidal effect of LLINs. LLINs with 22,500 cm(2) holed surface area and target insecticide content provided a personal protection of 0.60 (95 % CI 0.44-0.73) and a low insecticidal effect of 0.20 (95 % CI 0.12-0.30) against resistant An. gambiae. Nevertheless, mathematical models suggested that if 80 % of the population uses such nets, they could still prevent 94 % (95 % CI 89-97 %) of transmission by pyrethroid-resistant An. gambiae.
Even though personal protection by LLINs against feeding mosquitoes is strongly reduced by holes, the insecticidal effect of LLINs is independent of the holed surface area, but strongly dependent on insecticide resistance. Badly torn nets that still contain insecticide have potential to reduce malaria transmission. The relationship between LLIN integrity and efficacy needs to be understood in order to guide LLIN distribution policy. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1186/s12936-015-0836-7 |
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Intact and artificially-holed LLINs under three months old and untreated nets were tested by releasing mosquitoes from a susceptible Anopheles gambiae colony, a pyrethroid-resistant An. gambiae population and a resistant Culex quinquefasciatus population in closed experimental huts in Southern Benin, West Africa. The efficacy of LLINs and untreated nets was evaluated in terms of protection against blood feeding, insecticidal effect and potential effect on malaria transmission.
Personal protection by both LLINs and untreated nets decreased exponentially with increasing holed surface area, without evidence for a specific threshold beyond which LLINs could be considered as ineffective. The insecticidal effect of LLINs was lower in resistant mosquitoes than in susceptible mosquitoes, but holed surface area had little or no impact on the insecticidal effect of LLINs. LLINs with 22,500 cm(2) holed surface area and target insecticide content provided a personal protection of 0.60 (95 % CI 0.44-0.73) and a low insecticidal effect of 0.20 (95 % CI 0.12-0.30) against resistant An. gambiae. Nevertheless, mathematical models suggested that if 80 % of the population uses such nets, they could still prevent 94 % (95 % CI 89-97 %) of transmission by pyrethroid-resistant An. gambiae.
Even though personal protection by LLINs against feeding mosquitoes is strongly reduced by holes, the insecticidal effect of LLINs is independent of the holed surface area, but strongly dependent on insecticide resistance. Badly torn nets that still contain insecticide have potential to reduce malaria transmission. The relationship between LLIN integrity and efficacy needs to be understood in order to guide LLIN distribution policy.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1475-2875</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1475-2875</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0836-7</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26310788</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: BioMed Central Ltd</publisher><subject>Analysis ; Animals ; Anopheles - drug effects ; Behavior, Animal ; Benin ; Biological Assay ; Control ; Culex - drug effects ; Development and progression ; Diagnosis ; Disease transmission ; Female ; Health aspects ; Humans ; Insect Vectors - drug effects ; Insecticide Resistance ; Insecticide-Treated Bednets - statistics & numerical data ; Life Sciences ; Malaria ; Malaria - prevention & control ; Male ; Microbiology and Parasitology ; Mosquito Control - methods ; Pesticide resistance ; Pyrethrins - pharmacology ; Risk factors</subject><ispartof>Malaria journal, 2015-08, Vol.14 (1), p.332-332, Article 332</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2015 BioMed Central Ltd.</rights><rights>Copyright BioMed Central 2015</rights><rights>Attribution</rights><rights>Randriamaherijaona et al. 2015</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c532t-af244ca147eac0126f9ffbaf0c768fdf499c877a76d47cca1bdbbcaa6170172f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c532t-af244ca147eac0126f9ffbaf0c768fdf499c877a76d47cca1bdbbcaa6170172f3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-2946-586X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4551388/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/1780674075?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,25753,27924,27925,37012,37013,44590,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26310788$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://riip.hal.science/pasteur-01191561$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Randriamaherijaona, Sanjiarizaha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Briët, Olivier J T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boyer, Sébastien</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bouraima, Aziz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>N'Guessan, Raphael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rogier, Christophe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Corbel, Vincent</creatorcontrib><title>Do holes in long-lasting insecticidal nets compromise their efficacy against pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus? Results from a release-recapture study in experimental huts</title><title>Malaria journal</title><addtitle>Malar J</addtitle><description>Resistance of malaria vectors to pyrethroids threatens the effectiveness of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) as a tool for malaria control. Recent experimental hut and observational studies in Benin show that pyrethroid resistance reduces the insecticidal effect and personal protection of LLINs especially when they become torn. The World Health Organization has proposed a threshold for when nets are "too torn" at 1,000 cm(2) for rectangular holes and 790 cm(2) for round holes. This study examines whether there is a threshold above which LLINs no longer reduce malaria transmission.
Intact and artificially-holed LLINs under three months old and untreated nets were tested by releasing mosquitoes from a susceptible Anopheles gambiae colony, a pyrethroid-resistant An. gambiae population and a resistant Culex quinquefasciatus population in closed experimental huts in Southern Benin, West Africa. The efficacy of LLINs and untreated nets was evaluated in terms of protection against blood feeding, insecticidal effect and potential effect on malaria transmission.
Personal protection by both LLINs and untreated nets decreased exponentially with increasing holed surface area, without evidence for a specific threshold beyond which LLINs could be considered as ineffective. The insecticidal effect of LLINs was lower in resistant mosquitoes than in susceptible mosquitoes, but holed surface area had little or no impact on the insecticidal effect of LLINs. LLINs with 22,500 cm(2) holed surface area and target insecticide content provided a personal protection of 0.60 (95 % CI 0.44-0.73) and a low insecticidal effect of 0.20 (95 % CI 0.12-0.30) against resistant An. gambiae. Nevertheless, mathematical models suggested that if 80 % of the population uses such nets, they could still prevent 94 % (95 % CI 89-97 %) of transmission by pyrethroid-resistant An. gambiae.
Even though personal protection by LLINs against feeding mosquitoes is strongly reduced by holes, the insecticidal effect of LLINs is independent of the holed surface area, but strongly dependent on insecticide resistance. Badly torn nets that still contain insecticide have potential to reduce malaria transmission. The relationship between LLIN integrity and efficacy needs to be understood in order to guide LLIN distribution policy.</description><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Anopheles - drug effects</subject><subject>Behavior, Animal</subject><subject>Benin</subject><subject>Biological Assay</subject><subject>Control</subject><subject>Culex - drug effects</subject><subject>Development and progression</subject><subject>Diagnosis</subject><subject>Disease transmission</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Insect Vectors - drug effects</subject><subject>Insecticide Resistance</subject><subject>Insecticide-Treated Bednets - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Malaria</subject><subject>Malaria - prevention & control</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Microbiology and Parasitology</subject><subject>Mosquito Control - methods</subject><subject>Pesticide resistance</subject><subject>Pyrethrins - pharmacology</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><issn>1475-2875</issn><issn>1475-2875</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>PIMPY</sourceid><recordid>eNptUstuFDEQHCEQCYEP4IIsceEyYTwvey6g1fII0kpICM5Wr6e942jWntieKPs3-Zbc-Sd6tSEkEfLBr6rqcrmz7DUvTjmX7fvIy65q84I3eSFpIZ5kx7wWTV5K0Ty9tz7KXsR4XhRcSFE-z47KtuKFkPI4-_3Js8GPGJl1bPRuk48Qk3Ub2kfUyWrbw8gcpsi0307Bb21Elga0gaExVoPeMdgAwRObdgHTELztWcBoYwKX2ML5aUAqcXO9ge3aAjJwPVvOI17dXF_M1l3MaCBqC2mOH9kPjPNI5QzVYkBCI0LEPKCGKc0BWUxzv9v7xasJg92iS2RxmFN8mT0zMEZ8dTufZL--fP65PMtX379-Wy5WuW6qMuVgyrrWQPEg6IKXremMWYMptGil6U3ddVoKAaLta6EJuO7Xaw3QckERlqY6yT4cdKd5vcVek4MAo5rIDISd8mDVwxtnB7Xxl6puGl5JSQL5QWB4RDtbrNREP4BzUAXnHW9afskJ_-62YPCUVkyKvkHjOIJDP0dFxqTsmrorCfr2EfTcz8FRHISSRSvqQjT_UBsYUVlnPPnUe1G1aGpKppJVR6jT_6Bo9Li12js0ls4fEPiBoIOPMaC5exwv1L5n1aFn6W2N2vesEsR5cz_MO8bfJq3-AIg_75U</recordid><startdate>20150828</startdate><enddate>20150828</enddate><creator>Randriamaherijaona, Sanjiarizaha</creator><creator>Briët, Olivier J T</creator><creator>Boyer, Sébastien</creator><creator>Bouraima, Aziz</creator><creator>N'Guessan, Raphael</creator><creator>Rogier, Christophe</creator><creator>Corbel, Vincent</creator><general>BioMed Central Ltd</general><general>BioMed Central</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>1XC</scope><scope>VOOES</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2946-586X</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20150828</creationdate><title>Do holes in long-lasting insecticidal nets compromise their efficacy against pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus? Results from a release-recapture study in experimental huts</title><author>Randriamaherijaona, Sanjiarizaha ; Briët, Olivier J T ; Boyer, Sébastien ; Bouraima, Aziz ; N'Guessan, Raphael ; Rogier, Christophe ; Corbel, Vincent</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c532t-af244ca147eac0126f9ffbaf0c768fdf499c877a76d47cca1bdbbcaa6170172f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Anopheles - drug effects</topic><topic>Behavior, Animal</topic><topic>Benin</topic><topic>Biological Assay</topic><topic>Control</topic><topic>Culex - drug effects</topic><topic>Development and progression</topic><topic>Diagnosis</topic><topic>Disease transmission</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Insect Vectors - drug effects</topic><topic>Insecticide Resistance</topic><topic>Insecticide-Treated Bednets - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Malaria</topic><topic>Malaria - prevention & control</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Microbiology and Parasitology</topic><topic>Mosquito Control - methods</topic><topic>Pesticide resistance</topic><topic>Pyrethrins - pharmacology</topic><topic>Risk factors</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Randriamaherijaona, Sanjiarizaha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Briët, Olivier J T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boyer, Sébastien</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bouraima, Aziz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>N'Guessan, Raphael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rogier, Christophe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Corbel, Vincent</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Databases</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 1: Biological Sciences & Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>PML(ProQuest Medical Library)</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL) (Open Access)</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Malaria journal</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Randriamaherijaona, Sanjiarizaha</au><au>Briët, Olivier J T</au><au>Boyer, Sébastien</au><au>Bouraima, Aziz</au><au>N'Guessan, Raphael</au><au>Rogier, Christophe</au><au>Corbel, Vincent</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Do holes in long-lasting insecticidal nets compromise their efficacy against pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus? Results from a release-recapture study in experimental huts</atitle><jtitle>Malaria journal</jtitle><addtitle>Malar J</addtitle><date>2015-08-28</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>14</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>332</spage><epage>332</epage><pages>332-332</pages><artnum>332</artnum><issn>1475-2875</issn><eissn>1475-2875</eissn><abstract>Resistance of malaria vectors to pyrethroids threatens the effectiveness of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) as a tool for malaria control. Recent experimental hut and observational studies in Benin show that pyrethroid resistance reduces the insecticidal effect and personal protection of LLINs especially when they become torn. The World Health Organization has proposed a threshold for when nets are "too torn" at 1,000 cm(2) for rectangular holes and 790 cm(2) for round holes. This study examines whether there is a threshold above which LLINs no longer reduce malaria transmission.
Intact and artificially-holed LLINs under three months old and untreated nets were tested by releasing mosquitoes from a susceptible Anopheles gambiae colony, a pyrethroid-resistant An. gambiae population and a resistant Culex quinquefasciatus population in closed experimental huts in Southern Benin, West Africa. The efficacy of LLINs and untreated nets was evaluated in terms of protection against blood feeding, insecticidal effect and potential effect on malaria transmission.
Personal protection by both LLINs and untreated nets decreased exponentially with increasing holed surface area, without evidence for a specific threshold beyond which LLINs could be considered as ineffective. The insecticidal effect of LLINs was lower in resistant mosquitoes than in susceptible mosquitoes, but holed surface area had little or no impact on the insecticidal effect of LLINs. LLINs with 22,500 cm(2) holed surface area and target insecticide content provided a personal protection of 0.60 (95 % CI 0.44-0.73) and a low insecticidal effect of 0.20 (95 % CI 0.12-0.30) against resistant An. gambiae. Nevertheless, mathematical models suggested that if 80 % of the population uses such nets, they could still prevent 94 % (95 % CI 89-97 %) of transmission by pyrethroid-resistant An. gambiae.
Even though personal protection by LLINs against feeding mosquitoes is strongly reduced by holes, the insecticidal effect of LLINs is independent of the holed surface area, but strongly dependent on insecticide resistance. Badly torn nets that still contain insecticide have potential to reduce malaria transmission. The relationship between LLIN integrity and efficacy needs to be understood in order to guide LLIN distribution policy.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>BioMed Central Ltd</pub><pmid>26310788</pmid><doi>10.1186/s12936-015-0836-7</doi><tpages>1</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2946-586X</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Analysis Animals Anopheles - drug effects Behavior, Animal Benin Biological Assay Control Culex - drug effects Development and progression Diagnosis Disease transmission Female Health aspects Humans Insect Vectors - drug effects Insecticide Resistance Insecticide-Treated Bednets - statistics & numerical data Life Sciences Malaria Malaria - prevention & control Male Microbiology and Parasitology Mosquito Control - methods Pesticide resistance Pyrethrins - pharmacology Risk factors |
title | Do holes in long-lasting insecticidal nets compromise their efficacy against pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus? Results from a release-recapture study in experimental huts |
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