Linking Environmental Exposure with Public Health: Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane Extracted from Soils and Water of Recently Exposed Communities of Selected Locations in Zambia

Background. In 2000, a Zambian private mining company reintroduced the use of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) to control malaria in two districts. From 2000 to 2010, DDT had been applied in homes without any studies conducted to ascertain its fate in the environment. We aimed to quantify the p...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2015-01, Vol.2015 (2015), p.178-185
Main Authors: Sipilanyambe Munyinda, Nosiku, Sichilongo, Kwenga, Michelo, Charles
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Child
DDT - analysis
Environmental aspects
Environmental Exposure
Environmental Monitoring
Environmental stewardship
Food chains
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Health aspects
Humans
Malaria
Metabolites
Public Health
Rural areas
Sea level
Soil Pollutants - analysis
Soil pollution
Studies
Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis
Water pollution
Zambia
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Summary:Background. In 2000, a Zambian private mining company reintroduced the use of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) to control malaria in two districts. From 2000 to 2010, DDT had been applied in homes without any studies conducted to ascertain its fate in the environment. We aimed to quantify the presence of DDT and its metabolites in the soil and water around communities where it was recently used. Methods. We collected superficial soil and water samples from drinking sources of three study areas. DDT was extracted by QuEChERS method and solid phase extraction for soils and water, respectively. Analysis was by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A revalidated method with limits of detection ranging from 0.034 to 0.04 ppb was used. Results. Median levels of total DDT were found at 100.4 (IQR 90.9–110) and 725.4 ng/L (IQR 540–774.5) for soils and water, respectively. No DDT above detection limits was detected in the reference area. These results are clinically significant given the persistent characteristics of DDT. Conclusion. DDT presence in these media suggests possible limitations in the environmental safeguards during IRS. Such occurrence could have potential effects on humans, especially children; hence, there is a need to further examine possible associations between this exposure and humans.
ISSN:1687-9805
1687-9813
DOI:10.1155/2015/564189