The gestational foundation of sex differences in development and vulnerability

Highlights • Fetal sex confers effects on pregnancy, the intrauterine milieu and early development. • Prenatal and perinatal adversity affects male fetuses and neonates more negatively. • Fetal sex has been under-recognized as physiologically consequential for pregnant women. • Mechanisms by which b...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Neuroscience 2017-02, Vol.342, p.4-20
Main Authors: DiPietro, J.A, Voegtline, K.M
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Disease Susceptibility - embryology
Disease Susceptibility - physiopathology
Female
fetal development
Fetal Development - physiology
Humans
Male
male vulnerability
Neurology
perinatal risk
Pregnancy
Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects - physiopathology
prenatal exposures
Sex Characteristics
sex differences
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Summary:Highlights • Fetal sex confers effects on pregnancy, the intrauterine milieu and early development. • Prenatal and perinatal adversity affects male fetuses and neonates more negatively. • Fetal sex has been under-recognized as physiologically consequential for pregnant women. • Mechanisms by which biological sex imparts vulnerability or protection are largely unknown.
ISSN:0306-4522
1873-7544
DOI:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.068