Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir during pregnancy and postpartum

• Published in: HIV medicine 2015-09, Vol.16 (8), p.502-511
• Main Authors: Best, BM, Burchett, S, Li, H, Stek, A, Hu, C, Wang, J, Hawkins, E, Byroads, M, Watts, DH, Smith, E, Fletcher, CV, Capparelli, EV, Mirochnick, M
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents - pharmacokinetics; Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use; antiretrovirals; Area Under Curve; Female; HIV; HIV Infections - drug therapy; HIV Infections - metabolism; HIV Protease Inhibitors - pharmacokinetics; HIV Protease Inhibitors - therapeutic use; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious - drug therapy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious - metabolism; Pregnancy Trimester, Second; Pregnancy Trimester, Third; prevention of perinatal transmission; Prospective Studies; tenofovir; Tenofovir - pharmacokinetics; Tenofovir - therapeutic use; Young Adult
• ISSN: 1464-2662; 1468-1293
• DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12252

Objectives Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is increasingly used in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens of pregnant women, but limited data exist on the pregnancy pharmacokinetics of chronically dosed TDF. This study described tenofovir pharmacokinetics during pregnancy and postpartum. Methods International Maternal Pediatric and Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials (IMPAACT) P1026s is a prospective, nonblinded pharmacokinetic study of HIV‐infected pregnant women that included a cohort receiving 300 mg TDF once daily. Steady‐state 24‐hour pharmacokinetic profiles were measured at the second and third trimesters, postpartum, and in maternal and umbilical cord samples collected at delivery. Tenofovir was measured by liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry (LC‐MS). The target area under the concentration versus time curve from time 0 to 24 h post dose (AUC) was ≥ 1.99 μg h/mL (nonpregnant historical control 10th percentile). Results The median tenofovir AUC was decreased during the second (1.9 μg h/mL) and third (2.4 μg h/mL; P = 0.005) trimesters versus postpartum (3.0 μg h/mL). Tenofovir AUC exceeded the target for two of four women (50%) in the second trimester, 27 of 37 women [73%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 56%, 86%] in the third trimester, and 27 of 32 women (84%; 95% CI 67%, 95%) postpartum (P > 0.05). Median second/third‐trimester troughs were lower (39/54 ng/mL) than postpartum (61 ng/mL). Median third‐trimester weight was greater for subjects below the target AUC versus those above the target (97.9 versus 74.2 kg, respectively; P = 0.006). The median ratio of cord blood to maternal concentrations was 0.88. No infants were HIV infected. Conclusions This study found lower tenofovir AUC and troughs during pregnancy. Transplacental passage with chronic TDF use during pregnancy was high. Standard TDF doses appear to be appropriate for most HIV‐infected pregnant women but therapeutic drug monitoring with dose adjustment should be considered in pregnant women with high weight (> 90 kg) or inadequate HIV RNA response.