Influenza and other respiratory viruses in three Central American countries

• Published in: Influenza and other respiratory viruses 2011-03, Vol.5 (2), p.123-134
• Main Authors: Laguna‐Torres, Victor A., Sánchez‐Largaespada, José F., Lorenzana, Ivette, Forshey, Brett, Aguilar, Patricia, Jimenez, Mirna, Parrales, Eduardo, Rodriguez, Francisco, García, Josefina, Jimenez, Ileana, Rivera, Maribel, Perez, Juan, Sovero, Merly, Rios, Jane, Gamero, María E., Halsey, Eric S., Kochel, Tadeusz J.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adenoviridae - isolation & purification; Adenovirus; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Central America; Child; Child, Preschool; enterovirus; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Influenza; Influenza A virus - isolation & purification; Influenza B virus - isolation & purification; Male; Middle Aged; Nasopharynx - virology; Original; Phylogeny; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses - isolation & purification; Respiratory Tract Infections - virology; respiratory viruses; surveillance
• ISSN: 1750-2640; 1750-2659
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00182.x

Please cite this paper as: Laguna‐Torres et al. (2011) Influenza and other respiratory viruses in three Central American countries. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(2), 123–134. Background  Despite the disease burden imposed by respiratory diseases on children in Central America, there is a paucity of data describing the etiologic agents of the disease. Aims  To analyze viral etiologic agents associated with influenza‐like illness (ILI) in participants reporting to one outpatient health center, one pediatric hospital, and three general hospitals in El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua Material & Methods  Between August 2006 and April 2009, pharyngeal swabs were collected from outpatients and inpatients. Patient specimens were inoculated onto cultured cell monolayers, and viral antigens were detected by indirect and direct immunofluorescence staining. Results  A total of 1,756 patients were enrolled, of whom 1,195 (68.3%) were under the age of 5; and 183 (10.4%) required hospitalization. One or more viral agents were identified in 434 (24.7%) cases, of which 17 (3.9%) were dual infections. The most common viruses isolated were influenza A virus (130; 7.4% of cases), respiratory syncytial virus (122; 6.9%), adenoviruses (63; 3.6%), parainfluenza viruses (57; 3.2%), influenza B virus (47; 2.7% of cases), and herpes simplex virus 1 (22; 1.3%). In addition, human metapneumovirus and enteroviruses (coxsackie and echovirus) were isolated from patient specimens. Discussion  When compared to the rest of the population, viruses were isolated from a significantly higher percentage of patients age 5 or younger. The prevalence of influenza A virus or influenza B virus infections was similar between the younger and older age groups. RSV was the most commonly detected pathogen in infants age 5 and younger and was significantly associated with pneumonia (p